16S ribosomal RNA

16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure.

For the mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA, see MT-RNR2.

The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene.^[2] Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977.^[3] Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium.^[4]

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Promiscuity of 16S rRNA genes[edit]

Under the assumption that evolution is driven by vertical transmission, 16S rRNA genes have long been believed to be species-specific, and infallible as genetic markers inferring phylogenetic relationships among prokaryotes. However, a growing number of observations suggest the occurrence of horizontal transfer of these genes. In addition to observations of natural occurrence, transferability of these genes is supported experimentally using a specialized Escherichia coli genetic system. Using a null mutant of E. coli as host, growth of the mutant strain was shown to be complemented by foreign 16S rRNA genes that were phylogenetically distinct from E. coli at the phylum level.^[37]^[38] Such functional compatibility was also seen in Thermus thermophilus.^[39] Furthermore, in T. thermophilus, both complete and partial gene transfer was observed. Partial transfer resulted in spontaneous generation of apparently random chimera between host and foreign bacterial genes. Thus, 16S rRNA genes may have evolved through multiple mechanisms, including vertical inheritance and horizontal gene transfer; the frequency of the latter may be much higher than previously thought.^[40]

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University of Washington Laboratory Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis | Bacterial Sequencing

MIMt 16S database

Archived 2020-08-19 at the Wayback Machine

The Ribosomal Database Project

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Like the , it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins.

large (23S) ribosomal RNA

The contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3′-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis^[5]

3′-end

Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits ( and 30S)

50S

Stabilizes correct codon-anticodon pairing in the by forming a hydrogen bond between the N1 atom of adenine residues 1492 and 1493 and the 2′OH group of the mRNA backbone.

A-site

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