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1982 Lebanon War

The 1982 Lebanon War began on 6 June 1982, when Israel invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the Israeli military that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border.[11][12][13] The military operation was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidal's enemy, the PLO, for the incident,[14][15] and used the incident as a casus belli for the invasion.[16][17][i]

After attacking the PLO – as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces – the Israeli military, in cooperation with their Maronite allies and the self-styled Free Lebanon State, occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army. Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy Israeli bombardment, the PLO forces and their allies negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of United States Special Envoy Philip Habib and the protection of international peacekeepers. The PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat, had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel, Israel hoped to sign a treaty which Begin promised would give Israel "forty years of peace".[18]


Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. Outrage following the IDF's role in the Israeli-backed, Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias, as well as Israeli popular disillusionment with the war, led to a gradual Israeli withdrawal from Beirut to the areas claimed by the Free Lebanon State in southern Lebanon, later to become the South Lebanon security belt, which was initiated following the 17 May Agreement and Syria's change of attitude towards the PLO.


Despite the Israeli withdrawal to Southern Lebanon in 1985 being considered the end of the war, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war against the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to 15 years of low-scale armed conflict, until Israel's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000.[19] Simultaneously, the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syrian forces, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon.

Coastal Sector, (from north to Tyre, Sidon, Damour and Beirut.) – Forces included Division 91 with three brigades including the 211th and the Golani Brigade. The 35 Paratroop Brigade and the Na'hal 50th Paratroop Battalion were attached to the division as needed. The Israeli Navy provided naval interdiction, shore gunfire support and landed a mixed brigade from Division 96 at the mouth of the Awali River near Sidon. Israeli Naval commandos had landed there previously.[97][101]

Rosh Hanikra

Central Sector (from to Nabatiyeh) – Jezzine was the main objective and then on to Sidon to link up with the coastal forces. IDF forces included the Divisions 36 and 162.[97]

Beaufort Castle

Eastern Sector (from and Hasbaiya through the Bekaa Valley around Lake Qaraoun) – IDF forces included Divisions 90 and 252, the Vardi Force and the Special Maneuver Force which was composed of two brigades of Infantry and paratroops who were trained for anti-tank operations. These forces were primarily used to contain the Syrians with orders not to initiate combat against them.[97][101]

Rachaiya

The invasion removed presence from Southern Lebanon and the Syrian military was weakened by combat losses, especially in the air. However, the removal of the PLO also paved the way for the rise of other militant groups, particularly Hezbollah.

PLO

The failure of the larger Israeli objectives of resolving the conflict in Lebanon with .[142]

a peace treaty

The estimated the cost of the damage from the invasion at 7,622,774,000 Lebanese pounds, equivalent to US$2 billion at the time.[143]

Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction

Al-Qaeda leader said in a videotape, released on the eve of the 2004 U.S. presidential elections, that he was inspired to attack the buildings of the United States in the September 11 attacks by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, in which towers and buildings in Beirut were destroyed in the siege of the capital.[144]

Osama bin Laden

(1991)

Cup Final

(2007)

Beaufort

(2008)

Waltz with Bashir

(2009)

Lebanon

(2019)

1982

Several films were staged, based on the events of the 1982 war:

1978 South Lebanon conflict

2006 Lebanon War

Israel-Lebanon relations

Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon

Multinational Force in Lebanon

Operation Accountability

Operation Grapes of Wrath

(US–Israeli government operation transferring weapons seized by Israeli forces from the Palestine Liberation Organization in Lebanon to the Nicaraguan Contras.)

Operation Tipped Kettle

International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression

General:

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Fisk, Robert

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Friedman, Thomas

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Rabinovich, Abraham

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Reagan, Ronald

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ISBN

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Shlaim, Avi

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ISBN

Bryce Walker & the editors of Time-Life books (1983). . Time Life Books. ISBN 978-0-8094-3362-9.

Fighting Jets: The Epic of Flight

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ISBN

Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge.  978-0-415-28716-6.

ISBN

Brzoska, M.; Pearson, F. S. (1994). Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-Escalation, and Negotiation. University of South Carolina Press.  978-0-87249-982-9.

ISBN

Cooper, Tom (July–August 2002). "'Floggers" in Action: Early MiG-23s in Operational Service". . No. 100. pp. 56–67. ISSN 0143-5450.

Air Enthusiast

(1998). Israel: A History. London: Black Swan. ISBN 978-0-688-12362-8.

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Israel's Fateful Hour

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Sela, Avraham

Lebanese Civil War 1982

A detailed account of 1982 Lebanon War – From Ariel Sharon's biography

by Ynetnews

1978 Israel – Lebanon Conflict

By Nachik Navot, Haaretz

Ex-spymaster: First Lebanon War was Mossad success, despite Sabra and Chatila