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Conservatism in the United States

Conservatism in the United States is based on a belief in individualism, traditionalism, republicanism, and limited federal governmental power in relation to U.S. states.[1][2] It is one of two major political ideologies of the United States. Conservative and Christian media organizations and American conservative figures are influential, and American conservatism is a large and mainstream ideology in the Republican Party and nation. As of 2021, 36 percent of Americans consider themselves conservative, according to polling by Gallup, Inc.[3][4][5]

"American conservative" redirects here. For the magazine, see The American Conservative.

Conservatism in the United States is not a single school of thought.[6] American conservatives tend to support Christian values,[7] moral absolutism,[8] traditional family values,[9] and American exceptionalism,[10] while opposing abortion, euthanasia, and LGBT rights.[11] They tend to favor economic liberalism,[12][13] and are generally pro-business and pro-capitalism,[14][15] while opposing communism and labor unions.[16][17][18]


They often advocate for a strong national defense, gun rights, capital punishment, and a defense of Western culture from perceived threats posed by communism and moral relativism.[19][20] American conservatives tend to question epidemiology, climate change, and evolution more frequently than moderates or liberals.[21][22][23]

whose proponents are primarily Christian fundamentalists focused on the traditional nuclear family rooted in religion. Typical positions include the view that the United States was founded as a Christian nation rather than a secular one and that abortion should be restricted or outlawed. Many attack the profanity and sexuality prevalent in modern media and society and often oppose pornography and LGBT rights while supporting abstinence-only sex education.[42] This faction strongly supported Reagan in the 1980 election. Nevertheless, they intensely opposed the Reagan's 1981 nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court because she supported a woman's right to abortion. She was confirmed unanimously anyway.[43]

Christian conservatism

Related to Christian conservatism is , which focuses on the preservation of traditional moral values, often rooted in the nuclear family and religion, that they see as threatened by secularism and moral relativism. They tend to support prayer in public schools and school vouchers for religious schools, while opposing abortion and LGBT rights.[44][45][46][11][47]

Social conservatism

Other topics[edit]

Russell Kirk's principles of conservatism[edit]

Russell Kirk developed six "canons" of conservatism, which Gerald J. Russello described as follows:

Aberbach, Joel D. "". in Robert A. Scott and Stephen M. Kosslyn, eds. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource (2015). doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0373

Understanding American Political Conservatism

Aberbach, Joel D., and Gillian Peele, eds. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush (Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp

Adams, Ian (2001). . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719-06020-6.

Political Ideology Today

Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2010)

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Bowen, Michael, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.

Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Greenwood Publishing Group.  0-275-95869-8.

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Continetti, Matthew. The Right: The Hundred-Year War for American Conservatism (2022)

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Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011)

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Critchlow, Donald T. and Nancy MacLean. (2009)

Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present

Critchlow, Donald T. Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism (Princeton UP, 2018).

Farber, David. (2012).

The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History

Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (, 1987) online

Philosophical Library

Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006); the most detailed reference

Gabler, Neal. Against the Wind: Edward Kennedy and the Rise of Conservatism, 1976-2009 (2022) , major scholarly biography of the leading opponent of conservatism in Congress

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. The Conservative Movement (Twayne, 1993.) online

Gottfried, Paul

Gross, Neil, Thomas Medvetz, and Rupert Russell. "The Contemporary American Conservative Movement," Annual Review of Sociology (2011) 37 pp. 325–354

Guttman, Allan. The Conservative Tradition in America (Oxford UP, 1967).

Hahn, Steven. Illiberal America A History (W.W. Norton, 2024)

blurb

Harp, Gillis J. Protestants and American Conservatism: a short history (Oxford UP, 2019).

Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980 (2009) ; The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989 (2009) excerpt and text search v2

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. Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). xvi, 320 pp.

Hemmer, Nicole

Huntington, John S. Far-Right Vanguard: The Radical Roots of Modern Conservatism (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2021).

Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history favorable to moderates

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Lauck, Jon K. and Catherine McNicol Stock, eds. The Conservative Heartland: A Political History of the Postwar American Midwest (UP of Kansas, 2020)

online review

Levinson, Sanford V; Williams, Melissa; Parker, Joel (2016). American Conservatism: NOMOS LVI. New York: New York University Press.  978-1-4798-5269-7.

ISBN

Lora, Ronald. The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America Greenwood Press, 1999

Lyons, Paul. American Conservatism: Thinking It, Teaching It. (Vanderbilt University Press, 2009). 202 pp.  978-0-8265-1626-8

ISBN

Nash, George. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006; 1st ed. 1978) influential history

O'Brien, John, and Eman Abdelhadi. "Re-examining restructuring: racialization, religious conservatism, and political leanings in contemporary American life". Social Forces 99.2 (2020): 474–503.

online

Pafford, John M. The Forgotten Conservative: Rediscovering Grover Cleveland (Simon and Schuster, 2013).

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Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2009) ; same book also published as Invisible hands: the making of the conservative movement from the New Deal to Reagan

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Postell, Joseph W. and Johnathan O'Neill, eds. Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism during the Progressive Era (2013).

Postell, Joseph W. and Johnathan O'Neill, eds. American Conservatism: 1900–1930 (Lexington Press, 2020)

Reinhard, David W. The Republican right since 1945 (UP of Kentucky, 2014) .

online

Rosen, Eliot A. (2014)

The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt: Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States

Sawyer, Logan. "Originalism from the Soft Southern Strategy to the New Right: The Constitutional Politics of Sam Ervin Jr". Journal of Policy History 33.1 (2021): 32–59.

online

Schneider, Gregory. (2009)

The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution

Sexton, Patricia Cayo. The war on labor and the left: Understanding America's unique conservatism (Routledge, 2018).

Thorne, Melvin J. American Conservative Thought since World War II: The Core Ideas (1990)

The Heritage Foundation.

"The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement,"

21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism.

"Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?"

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Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia

"Comparative Decades: Conservatism in the 1920s and 1980s" Lesson plans

Mark Riebling, "Prospectus for a Critique of Conservative Reason."

– slideshow by Newsweek

A History of Conservative Movements

Archived August 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Kevin M. Kruse for Politico. April 16, 2015.

How Corporate America Invented Christian America