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History of ancient Egypt

The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.

(prior to 3100 BC)

Prehistoric Egypt

("the protodynastic period", approximately 3100–3000 BC; sometimes referred to as "Dynasty 0")

Naqada III

(First–Second Dynasties)

Early Dynastic Period

(Third–Sixth Dynasties)

Old Kingdom

(Seventh or Eighth–Eleventh Dynasties)

First Intermediate Period

(Twelfth–Thirteenth Dynasties)

Middle Kingdom

(Fourteenth–Seventeenth Dynasties)

Second Intermediate Period

(Eighteenth–Twentieth Dynasties)

New Kingdom

(also known as the Libyan Period; Twenty-first–Twenty-fifth Dynasties)

Third Intermediate Period

(Twenty-sixth–Thirty-first Dynasties)

Late Period

(305–30 BC)

Ptolemaic Egypt

Egypt's history is split into several different periods according to the ruling dynasty of each pharaoh. The dating of events is still a subject of research. The conservative dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of about three millennia. The following is the list according to conventional Egyptian chronology.

Neolithic Egypt[edit]

Neolithic period[edit]

The Nile has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living along it during the Pleistocene. Traces of these early people appear in the form of artefacts and rock carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases.


Along the Nile in the 12th millennium BC, an Upper Paleolithic grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunting, fishing, and hunter-gatherers using stone tools. Despite evidence indicating human habitation and cattle herding in the southwestern corner of Egypt near the Sudan border before the 8th millennium BC, the idea of an independent bovine domestication event in Africa must be abandoned because subsequent evidence gathered over a period of thirty years has failed to corroborate this.[1]


Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late Pleistocene era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.[2]


The oldest-known domesticated cattle remains in Africa are from the Faiyum c. 4400 BC.[3] Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies suggest that natural climate changes around the 8th millennium BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of North Africa, eventually forming the Sahara by the 25th century BC.


Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and forced them to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. However, the period from 9th to the 6th millennium BC has left very little in the way of archaeological evidence.

Ancient Egypt

History of Egypt

Population history of Egypt

Adkins, L.; Adkins, R (2001). The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

and Jaromir Malek (2000). The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt (revised ed.). Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4036-0.

Baines, John

Bard, KA (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. NY, NY: Routledge.  978-0-415-18589-9.

ISBN

Bierbrier, Morris (1984). The Tomb Builders of the Pharaohs. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.  978-0-684-18229-2.

ISBN

Booth, Charlotte (2005). The Hyksos Period in Egypt. Shire Egyptology.  978-0-7478-0638-7.

ISBN

Cerny, J (1975). Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC. Cambridge University Press.  978-0-521-08691-2.

ISBN

Clarke, Somers; R. Engelbach (1990). Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. Dover Publications.  978-0-486-26485-1.

ISBN

Clayton, Peter A. (1994). . Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.

Chronicle of the Pharaohs

Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.  978-0-500-05128-3.

ISBN

Edgerton, William F. (1951). "The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-Ninth Year". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 10 (3): 137–145. :10.1086/371037. JSTOR 542285. S2CID 161088513.

doi

Gillings, Richard J. (1972). . New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-262-07045-4.

Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs

Greaves, R.H.; O.H. Little (1929). Gold Resources of Egypt, Report of the XV International Geol. Congress, South Africa.

Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Books.  978-0-631-17472-1.

ISBN

Herodotus ii. 55 and vii. 134

(1991). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01281-2.

Kemp, Barry

Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1996). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) (3rd ed.). Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited.

(1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2.

Lehner, Mark

Lucas, Alfred (1962). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.

Peter Der Manuelian (1998). Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.  978-3-89508-913-8.

ISBN

Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E.(trans. by David Lorton). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Nicholson, Paul T.; et al. (2000). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.  978-0-521-45257-1.

ISBN

(2012). A History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-84614-377-9.

Romer, John

Robins, Gay (2000). The Art of Ancient Egypt. Harvard University Press.  978-0-674-00376-7.

ISBN

Scheel, Bernd (1989). Egyptian Metalworking and Tools. Haverfordwest, Great Britain: Shire Publications Ltd.  978-0-7478-0001-9.

ISBN

(2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.

Shaw, Ian

Wilkinson, R. H. (2000). . London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05100-9.

The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt

Wilkinson, R.H. (2003). . London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7.

The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt

Wilkinson, T. (2010). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000BC to Cleopatra. London: Bloomsbury.  978-0-7475-9949-4.

ISBN

Yurco, Frank J. (1999). "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause". Saoc 58.

The Ancient Egypt Site

Brian Brown (ed.) (1923) The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentano's

Texts from the Pyramid Age Door Nigel C. Strudwick, Ronald J. Leprohon, 2005, Brill Academic Publishers

Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989

History: Ancient Egypt