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Armand Hammer

Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898[1]: 16  – December 10, 1990) was an American business manager and owner. He spent decades with Occidental Petroleum in the mid 20th century.[2] Called "Lenin's chosen capitalist" by the press, he was also known for his art collection and his close ties to the Soviet Union.[3][4][5]

For other uses, see Armand Hammer (disambiguation).

Armand Hammer

(1898-05-21)May 21, 1898

New York City, U.S.

December 10, 1990(1990-12-10) (aged 92)

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Columbia University (B.A., 1919; M.D., 1921)

Business magnate

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(m. 1927; div. 1943)​
Angela Carey Zevely
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(div. 1954)​
Frances Barrett Tolman
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(m. 1956; died 1989)​

Julian Armand Hammer

Hammer's business interests around the world and his "citizen diplomacy" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates.

Golden Plate Award of the (1978)[120]

American Academy of Achievement

In 1978, Hammer, as a non-citizen of the Soviet Union, received the Soviet Union's award the Order of Friendship of Peoples from Leonid Brezhnev because of his strong support of both the International Workers and Communist movement and the needs of the Soviet Union.[32][114] By the time of his death, Hammer had received other awards, including:

Cyrus Eaton

Fauxbergé

List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

Journal of International Affairs, vol. 39, no. 2: China in Transition (Winter 1986): 19–25. JSTOR 24356572.

"On a Vast China Market."

Articles


Books

Ingham, John N. . Greenwood Press (1983): 533–536. ISBN 0313239088.

Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Vol. 2: H–M

. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA (1998): 87–92. ISBN 978-0028649825.

Tycoons and Entrepreneurs

Biographical profiles


Books


Catalogs


Novels

Epstein, Edward Jay (1996). Dossier : the secret history of Armand Hammer (1st ed.). New York: Random House.  978-0679448020.

ISBN

on C-SPAN

Appearances

C-SPAN

Interview with Epstein on occasion of the publication of "Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer"

at UCLA

Armand Hammer Collection