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Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg[a] (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and American composer, music theorist, teacher and writer. Among the first modernist composers to write music of dense motivic relations saturating the musical texture, he propounded concepts like developing variation, the emancipation of the dissonance, and the "unity of musical space".

"Schoenberg" redirects here. For others with the surname, see Schoenberg (surname).

Arnold Schoenberg

(1874-09-13)13 September 1874

Vienna, Austria-Hungary

13 July 1951(1951-07-13) (aged 76)

Los Angeles, California, US
  • Composer
  • music theorist
  • teacher

Second Viennese School

List of compositions

Schoenberg's early works, like Verklärte Nacht (1899), represented a Brahmsian–Wagnerian synthesis on which he built. Mentoring Anton Webern and Alban Berg, he became the central figure of the Second Viennese School.[b] They consorted with visual artists, published in Der Blaue Reiter, and wrote atonal, expressionist music, attracting fame and stirring debate. In his String Quartet No. 2 (1907–1908), Erwartung (1909), and Pierrot lunaire (1912), Schoenberg visited extremes of emotion; in self-portraits he emphasized his intense gaze. While working on Die Jakobsleiter (from 1914) and Moses und Aron (from 1923), Schoenberg confronted popular antisemitism by returning to Judaism and substantially developed his twelve-tone technique. He systematically interrelated all notes of the chromatic scale in his twelve-tone music, sometimes admitting tonal elements and often exploiting hexachords and combinatoriality.


Schoenberg resigned from the Prussian Academy of Arts (1926–1933), emigrating as the Nazis took power; they banned his (and his students') music, labeling it "degenerate".[1][2] He taught in the US, including at the University of California, Los Angeles (1936–1944), where facilities are named in his honor. He explored writing film music (as he had done idiosyncratically in Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene, 1929–1930) and wrote more tonal music, completing his Chamber Symphony No. 2 in 1939. With citizenship (1941) and US entry into World War II, he satirized fascist tyrants in Ode to Napoleon (1942, after Byron), deploying Beethoven's fate motif and the Marseillaise. Post-war Vienna beckoned with honorary citizenship, but Schoenberg was ill as depicted in his String Trio (1946). As the world learned of the Holocaust, he memorialized its victims in A Survivor from Warsaw (1947). The Israel Conservatory and Academy of Music elected him honorary president (1951).


His innovative music was among the most influential and polemicized of 20th-century classical music. At least three generations of composers extended its somewhat formal principles. His aesthetic and music-historical views influenced musicologists Theodor W. Adorno and Carl Dahlhaus.[c] The Arnold Schönberg Center collects his archival legacy.

1922. , third edition. Vienna: Universal Edition. (Originally published 1911).

Harmonielehre

1943. Models for Beginners in Composition, New York: G. Schirmer, Inc.

1954. Structural Functions of Harmony. New York: W. W. Norton; London: Williams and Norgate. Revised edition, New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company 1969.  978-0-393-00478-6

ISBN

1964. Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint, edited with a foreword by Leonard Stein. New York, St. Martin's Press. Reprinted, Los Angeles: Belmont Music Publishers 2003.

1967. Fundamentals of Musical Composition, edited by Gerald Strang, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted 1985, London: Faber and Faber.  978-0-571-09276-5

ISBN

1978. Theory of Harmony, English edition, translated by Roy E. Carter, based on Harmonielehre 1922. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.  978-0-520-03464-8

ISBN

1979. Die Grundlagen der musikalischen Komposition, translated into German by Rudolf Kolisch; edited by . Vienna: Universal Edition (German translation of Fundamentals of Musical Composition).

Rudolf Stephan

2003. Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint, Reprinted, Los Angeles: Belmont Music Publishers.

2010. Theory of Harmony, 100th Anniversary Edition. Berkeley: California University Press. 2nd edition.  978-0-52026-608-7

ISBN

2016. Models for Beginners in Composition, Reprinted, London: Oxford University Press.  978-0-19538-221-1

ISBN

1947. "The Musician". In The Works of the Mind, edited by Robert B. Heywood, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  752682744

OCLC

1950. : Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, edited and translated by Dika Newlin. New York: Philosophical Library.

Style and Idea

1958. Ausgewählte Briefe, by B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz.

1964. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.

1965. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. New York: St.Martin's Press.

1975. Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York: St. Martins Press; London: Faber & Faber.  978-0-520-05294-9 Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library (New York) publication edited by Dika Newlin (559 pages from 231). The volume carries the note "Several of the essays ... were originally written in German (translated by Dika Newlin)" in both editions.

ISBN

1984. Style and Idea: Selected Writings, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.

1984. Arnold Schoenberg : Letters, Pictures and Documents, edited by Jelena Hahl-Koch, translated by John C. Crawford. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-13060-7, ISBN 0-571-13194-8

Wassily Kandinsky

1987. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.  978-0-520-06009-8

ISBN

2006. The Musical Idea and the Logic, Technique, and Art of Its Presentation, new paperback English edition. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.  978-0-25321-835-3

ISBN

2010. Style and Idea: Selected Writings, 60th anniversary (second) edition, translated by Leonard Stein and Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.  978-0-52026-607-0

ISBN

Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition

Arnold Schönberg Prize

Fragmentation

List of refugees

at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Free scores by Arnold Schoenberg

. BBC Radio 3.

"Discovering Schoenberg"

Arnold Schoenberg Center in Vienna

Library of Congress

Archival records: Arnold Schoenberg collection, 1900–1951

a web-based exhibition of Arnold Schönberg curated by Österreichische Mediathek in cooperation with the Arnold Schönberg Center

Schönberg. Linking two continents in sound.

at Internet Archive

Recordings

videos compiled by Randol Schoenberg on YouTube

Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)

Exhibition, 3 May – 13 September 2002, at Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna.

Arnold Schönberg and His God