Katana VentraIP

Articles of association

In corporate governance, a company's articles of association (AoA, called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document that, along with the memorandum of association (in cases where it exists) forms the company's constitution. The AoA defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.

For the articles adopted by the First Continental Congress in 1774, see Continental Association.

Articles of association are critical documents to corporate operations, as they may regulate both internal and external affairs.[1]


Articles of incorporation, also referred to as the certificate of incorporation or the corporate charter, is a document or charter that establishes the existence of a corporation in the United States and Canada. They generally are filed with the Secretary of State in the U.S. State where the company is incorporated, or other company registrar. An equivalent term for limited liability companies (LLCs) in the United States is articles of organization.

The issuing of (also called stock) and the classes of shares, such as preferred stock and common stock

shares

The and the transferability of shares

dividend policy

Valuation of intellectual rights

How the day-to-day operations of the company are conducted, such as by a .

board of directors

The appointments of directors, which shows whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality with all of the contributors

Special voting rights of the and their mode of election

Chairperson

Directors meetings, including the number and the percentage of vote needed to pass a motion

quorum

Confidentiality and the founders' agreement with penalties for disclosure

for purchase rights and counter-bids by a founder.

First right of refusal

Drag-along provisions, or when the majority shareholders force a sale on the other shareholders.

Determinations for the price paid for shares transferred following cessation of directorship or employment.

[2]

The articles can cover a medley of topics, not all of which is required in a country's law. Although all terms are not discussed, they may cover:

Directors[edit]

A company is run by the directors, who are appointed by the shareholders. Usually, the shareholders elect a board of directors (BOD) at the annual general meeting (AGM), which may be statutory (e.g. India and the UK).


The number of directors depends on the size of the company and statutory requirements. The chairperson is generally a well-known outsider but they may be a working executive of the company, typically of an American company. The directors may, or may not, be employees of the company.

Shareholders[edit]

In present countries there are usually a few major shareholders who come together to form the company. Each usually holds the right to nominate, without objection of the other, a certain number of Directors who become nominees for the election by the shareholder body at the AGM. Shareholders may also elect Independent Directors (from the public). The chair would be a person not associated with the promoters of the company, a person is generally a well-known outsider. Once elected, the BOD manages the company. The shareholders play no part until the next AGM/EGM.

Memorandum of association[edit]

The Objectives and the purpose of the company are determined in advance by the shareholders and the Memorandum of Association (MOA), if separate, which denotes the name of the company, its Head-Office, street address, and (founding) Directors and the main purposes of the company for public access. It cannot be changed except at an AGM or Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) and statutory allowance. The MOA is generally filed with a Registrar of Companies who is an appointee of the Government of the country. For their assurance, the shareholders are permit of the Memorandum of Association. Any matter in the Articles of Association not within the scope of the Memorandum of Association of the company is void.

Board meetings[edit]

The Board meets several times each year. At each meeting there is an 'agenda' before it. A minimum number of Directors (a quorum) is required to meet. This is either determined by the by-laws or is a statutory requirement. It is presided over by the Chairperson, or in their absence, by the vice-chair. The Directors survey their area of responsibility. They may determine to make a 'Resolution' at the next AGM or if it is an urgent matter, at an EGM. The Directors who are the electives of one major shareholder, may present their view but this is not necessarily so - they may have to view the Objectives of the company and competitive position. The chair may have to break the vote if there is a tie. At the AGM, the various Resolutions are put to vote.

Annual general meeting[edit]

The AGM is called with a notice sent to all shareholders with a clear interval. A certain quorum of shareholders is required to meet. If the quorum requirement is not met, it is cancelled and another Meeting called. If it at that too a quorum is not met, a Third Meeting may be called and the members present, unlimited by the quorum, take all decisions. There are variations to this among companies and countries.


Decisions are taken by a show of hands; the chair is always present. Where decisions are made by a show of hands is challenged, it is met by a count of votes. Voting can be taken in person or by marking the paper sent by the company. A person who is not a shareholder of the company can vote if s/he has the 'proxy', an authorization from the shareholder. Each share carries the number of votes attached to it. Some votes may be for the decision, others not.

Resolutions[edit]

There are two types of resolutions, known as an Ordinary Resolution and a Special Resolution.


A Special Resolution can be tabled at a Director's Meeting. The Ordinary Resolution requires the endorsement by a majority vote, sometimes easily met by partners' vote. The Special Resolution requires a 60, 70 or 80% of the vote as stipulated by the constitution of the company. Shareholders other than partners may vote. The matters which require the Ordinary and Special Resolution to be passed are enumerated in company or Corporate Law. Special Resolutions covering some topics may be a statutory requirement.

Name of Business (Numbered and Named)

Head Office

Names and Residencies of Incorporators

Proof of Canadian Citizenship

Corporate Share Structure

Anticipated Business Restrictions

Articles of organization

Bylaws

Certificate of incorporation

Charter

Collegium

Congressional charter

Government-sponsored enterprise

List of company registers

Mission statement

Operating agreement

Outline of management

Royal charter

The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008

Legislation.gov.uk

(for England, Wales and Scotland)

Companies House

(Table A)

Articles of Association