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Benjamin of Tudela

Benjamin of Tudela[note 1] (fl.c. 12th century), also known as Benjamin ben Jonah, was a medieval Jewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, and Africa in the twelfth century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela is a major figure in medieval geography and Jewish history.

Benjamin of Tudela

binjaˈmin mituˈdela

Benjamin ben Jonah

c. 12th century

Travels throughout the Old World

The Travels of Benjamin is an important work not only as a description of the Jewish communities, but also as a reliable source about the geography and ethnography of the Middle Ages. Some modern historians credit Benjamin with giving accurate descriptions of everyday life in the Middle Ages. Originally written in Hebrew, his itinerary was translated into Latin and later translated into most major European languages. It received much attention from Renaissance scholars in the sixteenth century.


His journeys reveal the concurrent interconnectedness and diversity of Jewish communities during this time period.

Personal life[edit]

Little is known of his personal life, apart from the fact that he was a native of Tudela in the Kingdom of Navarre, that he lived during the second half of the 12th century and that his father's name was Jonah. He is often referred to as Rabbi by non-Jewish sources, although there is no reliable evidence that he was ever one.[1][2]

Benjamin of Tudela. The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages. Trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. Introductions by Michael A. Signer, Marcus Nathan Adler, and A. Asher. Published by Joseph Simon/Pangloss Press, 1993.  0-934710-07-4

ISBN

trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. 1907: includes map of route (p. 2) and commentary. PDF format.

The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela.

Nathan Marcus Adler (trans., ed., New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc., 1907), reprint by Hebrew University – Department of History of Israel, 1960. Text document, accessed July 2020.

The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary

at Project Gutenberg

Works by Benjamin of Tudela

Sefer Masaot Benjamin MiTudela, Trilingual edition in , Spanish and Hebrew published in Pamplona, 1994 by the Government of Navarra. Xabier Kintana translated Sefer Masaot into Basque language and Jose Ramon Magdalena Nom de Deu translated into Spanish. This trilingual special edition of Benjamin MiTudela book has an introduction by the president of Navarra, Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren ISBN 9788423512867

Basque

Tudelalı Benjamin ve Ratisbonlu Petachia, Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri [trans. by Nuh Arslantas, from Marmara University, Istanbul Kaknüs: İstanbul 2001  975-6698-21-7 (Second ed. M.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları: İstanbul 2009 ISBN 978-975-548-227-9

ISBN

Ibrahim ibn Yaqub

Ibn Battuta

Exploration of Asia

Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). . University of Chicago Press. p. 8. OCLC 399046.

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character

; Long, V. Philips; Longman, Tremper (2003). A Biblical History of Israel. London: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-664-22090-7.

Provan, Iain William

Shatzmiller, Joseph (1998). "Jews, Pilgrimage, and the Christian Cult of Saints: Benjamin of Tudela and His Contemporaries". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. (eds.). After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 337–347.  978-0-8020-0779-7.

ISBN

Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de; Warren, Edouard de (1854). (second ed.). London: Parry and M'Millan. pp. 417–418. OCLC 797925862.

Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible Lands; in 1850 and 1851. Including an Account of the Discovery of the Sites of Sodom and Gomorrah

Wilson, John Francis (2004). Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan. I. B. Tauris.  978-1-85043-440-5.

ISBN

Jacobs, Martin. Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.

Jacobs, Martin. “‘A Day’s Journey’: Spatial Perceptions and Geographic Imagination in Benjamin of Tudela’s Book of Travels.” Jewish Quarterly Review 109, no. 2 (2019): 203-232.

Komroff, Manuel; Carpini, Giovanni di Plano, abp. of Antivari; Ruysbroeck, Willem van; Odorico, da Pordenone; Benjamin, of Tudela (1928). . New York: Boni & Liveright. OCLC 3974287.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Contemporaries of Marco Polo, consisting of the travel records to the eastern parts of the world of William of Rubruck (1253–1255); the journey of John of Pian de Carpini (1245–1247); the journal of Friar Odoric (1318–1330) & the oriental travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela (1160–1173)

: "Benjamin of Tudela."

Jewish Virtual Library

Anna K. Dulska: “Abrahamic Coexistence in the Twelfth-Century Middle East? Jews among Christians and Muslims in a Travel Account by a Navarrese Jew, Benjamin of Tudela”, Journal of Beliefs & Values, DOI: 10.1080/13617672.2017.1317520,

http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/zWEMrqQ8q99rwvTpsQem/full

at Project Gutenberg

Works by Benjamin of Tudela

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Benjamin of Tudela

by Henry Abramson of Touro College South

Video Lecture on Benjamin of Tudela