Business network

A business network is a complex, enduring, and interdependent web of business relationships among market and non-market actors that allow firms to co-create value in their business environment.^[1]^[2] Firms influence their markets by managing and signalling their network positions,^[3] facilitating entry of new actors, or removing other actors, for instance, through disintermediation, which means elimitating the middleman.

For other uses, see Business network (disambiguation).

When some actors within a business network have joint strategic intents and work together to achieve certain objectives, then the network is called a strategic business net.^[4] These objectives, which are strategic and operational, are adopted by business networks based on their role in the market.^[5]

A business network is a form of inter-firm cooperation that allows companies, located in different regions or countries, to collaborate on a basis of common development objectives expressed in a cooperation agreement. The companies decide to join their strengths, share information and create synergies to become more innovative and competitive in domestic and international markets, while keeping their autonomy, not creating a separate legal entity. This cooperation model is suitable for any kind of business activity or sector.

[5]

A business network is greater than the sum of the individual businesses. It incorporates suppliers, customers, third-party developers, distributors, and others. These third parties generally have a strong reason to support the network and remain active in it.

[6]

A business network is generic and includes both smart and not-so-smart business networks. A smart business network is defined as a group of participating companies (nodes) that are linked together by one or many communication networks (links). The companies have compatible goals and interact in innovative ways. A smart business network is perceived by each company as increasing its own value and is sustainable as a network over time.

[7]

A business network is owned by the business enterprise, where the scope of the network is to support the informational and operational requirements of the business, such as marketing, sales, accounting, and manufacturing departments.

[8]

Several descriptions of business networks stipulate different types of characteristics:

Study[edit]

In the late 20th century, the study of business networks emerged in the field of industrial markets. Researchers analyzed the transactions and communications beneath the visible flows of products, inquiries, sales visits and negotiations, and beyond the visible growth and prosperity of some companies and the failure of others.^[9]

Snehota and Hakansson (1995) explain: For more than twenty years, we have analyzed business networks for answers to the many questions about industrial markets. Unlike consumer markets, industrial markets are not generally known to the public, nor to many management scholars. We have been surprised by the complexity of industrial markets and at the same time by the apparent smoothness of their working. Gradually, we have acquired respect for their importance and complexity and learned how they work.^[9]

Another study on business networks was carried out by Ecorys between 2013 and 2014. This study was specific to EU-level business networks and was financed by the European Commission. The main objective of the study was to investigate and highlight the new forms of inter-firm collaboration and to propose possible measures to support and coordinate them in Europe where and if appropriate. This study included the objectives and categorization of business networks.^[5]

Innovation

Internationalization

Foreign matchmaking

In a vertical aggregation, there is a collaboration between companies that are involved in different stages of the value chain. For example, cooperation between a supplier of , a manufacturer of cotton clothes, a wholesale distributor, and a retailer of cotton clothes.

cotton

In a horizontal aggregation, the collaboration is among companies of the same industry and in the same stage of the production process. For example, many small producers of cotton clothes cooperate and produce together the required number of cotton clothes to fulfill the order of a large marketing company.

The collaborating companies in a business network are not bound by location, size, sector, or number. They are open to new partnerships that help them to stay competitive.

The companies focus on a joint objective and agree on the activities and the procedure to achieve the objectives.

The collaborating companies formalize their agreement through a contract that includes the jointly agreed objectives, activities, procedures, duration, decision process, definition of the parties’ rights, and provisions to enter and exit the contract.

The structured collaboration resulting from the contract gives the companies the required skills to become more competitive, innovative and global, and gain better economic productivity and performance. It also gives the companies the advantage of .

free riding

The characteristics of a business network model are:

Business network companies — that is, platform and network-based companies — outperform traditional companies. Some of the advantages of business network companies are:^[10]^[11]

Some companies that follow a business network model include Trepup, eBay, Red Hat, Visa, Uber, TripAdvisor, Alibaba.^[10]

Difference between business networks, clusters, and joint ventures[edit]

Difference between clusters and business networks[edit]

Clusters are a network of connected businesses, suppliers, and associates in a specific field that are all located in the same geographical area.^[12]

Conversely, companies in a business network are not bound by geographical locations or sectors, and can be focused around any specific objective.^[5]

Difference between joint ventures and business networks[edit]

A joint venture is a new legal entity created by two or more companies, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. The companies come together to accomplish a specific task, such as a project or a business activity.^[13]

In a business network, on the other hand, the autonomy of each of the companies is preserved and no new legal entity is formed. The companies capitalize on the network to create opportunities and expand their individual business interests.^[5]