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Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity,[1] also called Calvinism,[a] is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church. Today, it is largely represented by the Continental, Presbyterian, and Congregational traditions, as well as parts of the Anglican and Baptist traditions.

"Reformed church" redirects here. For Reformed churches originating in continental Europe, see Continental Reformed Protestantism.

A foundational event that divided the Reformed from the Lutheran tradition occurred in 1529 when reformer Huldrych Zwingli of Zürich broke with Martin Luther on the topic of the Lord's Supper. A separate Reformed tradition developed over several generations, especially in Switzerland, France, Scotland and the Netherlands.


In the seventeenth century, Jacobus Arminius and the Remonstrants were expelled from the Dutch Reformed Church over disputes regarding predestination and salvation, and from that time Arminians are usually considered to be a distinct tradition from the Reformed. This dispute produced the Canons of Dort, the basis for the "doctrines of grace" or "five points" of Calvinism.


Reformed theology emphasizes the authority of the Bible, the sovereignty of God, and covenant theology, a framework for understanding the Bible based on God's covenants with people. Reformed churches have emphasized simplicity in worship. Several forms of ecclesiastical polity are exercised by Reformed churches, including presbyterian, congregational, and some episcopal.

List of Calvinist educational institutions in North America

List of Reformed denominations

: Eastern Orthodox council rejecting Calvinist beliefs

Synod of Jerusalem (1672)

Criticism of Protestantism

(1905) – Max Weber's analysis of Calvinism's influence on society and economics

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Alston, Wallace M. Jr.; , eds. (2003). Reformed Theology: Identity and Ecumenicity. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-4776-8.

Welker, Michael

Balserak, Jon (2017). Calvinism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.  978-0-19-875371-1.

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(2002). Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10507-0.

Benedict, Philip

Bratt, James D. (1984) Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture

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(2017). Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11192-7.

Eire, Carlos

Hart, D. G. (2013). Calvinism: A History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,

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(1967) [1954]. The History and Character of Calvinism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500743-5.

McNeill, John Thomas

(1980). An Introduction to the Reformed Tradition: A Way of Being the Christian Community. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-8042-0479-8.

Leith, John H.

(2001). The Unaccommodated Calvin: Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515168-8.

Muller, Richard A.

———————— (2003). After Calvin: Studies in the Development of a Theological Tradition. Oxford University Press.  978-0-19-515701-7.

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Picken, Stuart D. B. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Calvinism. Scarecrow Press.  978-0-8108-7224-0.

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Small, Joseph D., ed. (2005). Conversations with the Confessions: Dialogue in the Reformed Tradition. Geneva Press.  978-0-664-50248-5.

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on In Our Time at the BBC

Calvinism

by Robert Lewis Dabney (PDF)

"Five Points of Calvinism"