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Cardinal-nephew

A cardinal-nephew (Latin: cardinalis nepos;[1] Italian: cardinale nipote;[2] Spanish: valido de su tío; Portuguese: cardeal-sobrinho; French: prince de fortune)[3] was a cardinal elevated by a pope who was that cardinal's relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The last cardinal-nephew was named in 1689 and the practice was abolished in 1692.[4] The word nepotism originally referred specifically to this practice, when it appeared in the English language about 1669.[5] From the middle of the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull (a papal charter), Romanum decet pontificem (1692), a pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception to the rule.[6] Every Renaissance pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice,[7] although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.

See also: List of cardinal-nephews

The institution of the cardinal-nephew evolved over seven centuries, tracking developments in the history of the papacy and the styles of individual popes. From 1566 until 1692, a cardinal-nephew held the curial office of the Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State, known as the Cardinal Nephew, and thus the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The curial office of the Cardinal Nephew as well as the institution of the cardinal-nephew declined as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased and the temporal power of popes decreased in the 17th and 18th centuries.


The list of cardinal-nephews includes at least fifteen, and possibly as many as nineteen popes[8] (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII; perhaps also John XIX and Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals; as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators); one antipope (John XXIII); and two or three saints (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if he was really a cardinal).

List of cardinal-nephews

Favourite

Captain General of the Church

Lay cardinal

Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan.  0-312-29463-8.

ISBN

Brixius, J. M. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181, Berlin 1912. (in German)

Carocci, Sandro (1999). (in Italian). Roma: Viella. ISBN 978-88-85669-82-6.

Il nepotismo nel Medioevo: papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili

. 1981. The Popes and European Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826919-6.

Chadwick, Owen

Cowan, H. Lee. Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice. Denton, Texas. UNT Digital Library. . [dissertation: University of North Texas]

https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/

. 2006. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11597-0.

Duffy, Eamon

Ekelund, Robert B., Jr., Herbert, Robert F., and Tollison, Robert D. 2004, October. "". Economic Inquiry. 42 (4): 690–705.

The Economics of the Counter-Reformation: Incumbent-Firm reaction to market entry

Emich, Birgit (2020), "", chapter 5 of Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal. In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 71–87. ISBN 9789004415447

The Cardinal Nephew

Hill, Michael (1998). chapter 1 of Cardinal Scipione Borghese's Patronage of Ecclesiastical Architecture (1605–33). PhD, University of Sydney, 1998

"Scipione Borghese and the Office of Cardinal Nephew,"

Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press.  0-521-84154-2.

ISBN

Hüls, R. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen 1977. (in German)

Kraus, Andreas (1958), "Amt und Stellung des Kardinalnepoten zur Zeit Urbans. VIII (1623)", Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte, 53 (1958),

Klewitz, H.W. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957. (in German)

Leti, Gregorio (1669). William Aglionby, tr. (ed.). London: John Starkey.

Il Nipotismo Di Roma; Or, the History of the Popes' Nephews from the Times of Sixtus the IV. to the Death of the Last Pope, Alexander the VII. ... Written Originally in Italian [by Gregorio Leti] in the Year 1667, and Englished by W.A.

Maleczek, W. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Vienna 1984. (in German)

Moresco, Mattia (1928). (in Italian). Genoa: Artigianelli.*Philippe Levillain, ed. 2002. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3.

Il nepotismo di Sisto 4. e le capitolazioni elettorali: nota di Mattia Moresco

Setton, Kenneth Meyer. 1984. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571).  0-87169-114-0.

ISBN

. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.

Trollope, Thomas Adolphus

Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press.  0-521-64146-2.

ISBN

Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland.  0-7864-2071-5.

ISBN

Zenker, B. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159, Würzburg 1964. (in German)