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Cell culture

Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. After cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. They need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator.[1] These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich medium that supplies the essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases (CO2, O2), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown free floating in a medium as a suspension culture.[2] This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been 'transformed' into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.

"Co-culture" redirects here. For the concept of cultures-within-cultures, see Subculture.

In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.


The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.[3][4]

History[edit]

The 19th-century English physiologist Sydney Ringer developed salt solutions containing the chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium suitable for maintaining the beating of an isolated animal heart outside the body.[5] In 1885 Wilhelm Roux removed a section of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days, establishing the basic principle of tissue culture. In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph. In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew vaccinia virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.[6] In 1996, the first use of regenerative tissue was used to replace a small length of urethra, which led to the understanding that the technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a scaffold, and reapplying it, can be used for only small distances of less than 1 cm.[7][8][9] Ross Granville Harrison, working at Johns Hopkins Medical School and then at Yale University, published results of his experiments from 1907 to 1910, establishing the methodology of tissue culture.[10]


Gottlieb Haberlandt first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues, plant tissue culture.[11] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. He presented his original idea of totipotentiality in 1902, stating that "Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant."[12][13][14] The term tissue culture was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows.[15]


Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in virology. Growing viruses in cell cultures allowed preparation of purified viruses for the manufacture of vaccines. The injectable polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman Robbins, who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures. Cell culture has contributed to the development of vaccines for many diseases.[1]

MEM

DMEM

RPMI 1640

Ham's f-12

IMDM

Leibovitz L-15

DMEM/F-12

GMEM

Stem cell self-renewal[50]

[49]

Lineage specification

[51]

Cancer cell phenotype[53][54]

[52]

Fibrosis[56]

[55]

Hepatocyte function[58][59]

[57]

Mechanosensing[61][62]

[60]

(prostate cancer)

DU145

(prostate cancer)

LNCaP

(breast cancer)

MCF-7

(breast cancer)

MDA-MB-468

(prostate cancer)

PC3

(bone cancer)

SaOS-2

(neuroblastoma, cloned from a myeloma)

SH-SY5Y

(breast cancer)

T-47D

(acute myeloid leukemia)

THP-1

(glioblastoma)

U-87 MG

's 60 cancer cell line panel (NCI60)

National Cancer Institute

Biological immortality

Cell culture assays

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing

List of contaminated cell lines

List of Cell Lines

NCI-60

List of Cell Lines

LL-100 panel

List of breast cancer cell lines

Microphysiometry

Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed.

Cancer Cells in Culture

Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces

Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base

- Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start.

Cell Culture Applications

- Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training

Cell Culture Basics

Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research

Coriell Cell Repositories

This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.

An Introduction To Cell Culture.

(NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc.

The National Centre for Cell Science

Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC)

Public Health England