Colonial Africa

The colonial history of Africa spans from colonial period until the postcolonial period in the history of Africa.

and Belgian Congo (today's Democratic Republic of the Congo)

(comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi, between 1916 and 1960)

Belgium

France

Germany

Italy

Portugal

Spain

United Kingdom

Independent states

Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. NY: Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-68708-9.

(1991). Africa In History, Themes and Outlines (Revised and expanded ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82667-4.

Jackson, Ashley (9 March 2006). . A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-4049-5.

Martin, Phyllis M.; O'Meara, Patrick (1995). Africa (3rd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 0-253-20984-6.

(2005). History of Africa (Revised 2nd ed.). New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-59957-8.