Conference report
In the United States Congress, a conference report refers to the final version of a bill that is negotiated between the House of Representatives and the Senate via a conference committee. This report is crucial in resolving differences between the two chambers' versions of a bill, ensuring that a unified and consistent piece of legislation can be presented for final approval.[1] It is printed and submitted to each chamber for its consideration, such as approval or disapproval. It contains a "statement of managers," a section-by-section explanation of the agreement.[2]
Historical Background[edit]
The practice of using conference reports dates back to the early years of the United States Congress. Conference committees were established as a means to reconcile differences between the House and Senate versions of legislation, a necessity for ensuring smooth legislative processes.[3] Over time, the procedures and rules governing conference reports have evolved, reflecting changes in congressional operations and advancements in technology.[4]
Purpose and Significance[edit]
The primary purpose of a conference report is to resolve legislative disagreements between the House and Senate.[5] This process is essential for creating coherent and effective laws. Conference reports facilitate compromise and collaboration, enabling legislators to address concerns and incorporate diverse perspectives.[6] The final version of a bill included in a conference report often represents a balanced approach that can gain broader support.[7]
Examples of Notable Conference Reports[edit]
Notable conference reports have played critical roles in shaping significant legislation. For instance, the conference report for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 was a key document that reconciled differences between the House and Senate versions of the tax reform bill, leading to major changes in the U.S. tax code.[11] Another example is the conference report for the Affordable Care Act, which helped finalize the landmark healthcare reform legislation.[12]
Current Practices and Digital Access[edit]
In recent years, the process of handling conference reports has become more transparent and accessible, largely due to digital advancements.[13] The Government Publishing Office (GPO) now ensures that conference reports are promptly made available online, typically in the Congressional Record the day after filing.[14] If immediate printing is not possible, the GPO scans the manuscript and posts a searchable PDF online. This practice enhances public access and allows for greater scrutiny and understanding of legislative processes.[15]