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Continuity (fiction)

In fiction, continuity is the consistency of the characteristics of people, plot, objects, and places seen by the audience over some period of time. It is relevant to many genres and forms of storytelling, especially if it is long-running.

This article is about consistency throughout a single work of fiction. For a broader franchise of related works, see Fictional universe. For continuity as applied to a fictional universe, see Canon (fiction).

Continuity is particularly a concern in the process of film and television production due to the difficulty in rectifying errors after filming ends. Continuity can also apply to other art forms, such as novels, comics, and video games, though usually on a smaller scale; it also applies to fiction used by persons, corporations, and governments in the public eye.


Most film and TV productions have a script supervisor on hand whose job is to pay attention to and attempt to maintain continuity across the chaotic and typically non-linear production schedule. It is an inconspicuous job because if done well, none may ever notice. The script supervisor gathers numerous paperwork, photographs, and other documentation which note a large quantity of detail for maintaining the continuity of the production; Some of the gathered documents can be sometimes assembled into the story bible. The gathered information and photographs usually regard factors both within the scene and the technical details of the production, including meticulous records of camera positioning and equipment settings. Film-based Polaroid cameras were once standard but have since been replaced by digital cameras; all of this is, ideally, all related shots can match, due to filming being split up over months in different sets and locations.


In comic books, continuity has also come to mean a set of contiguous events, sometimes said to be "set in the same universe."

In ,[3] Menelaos kills a minor character, Pylaimenes, in combat. Pylaimenes is later[4] still alive to witness the death of his son.

Iliad

In Iliad 9.165-93 three characters, , Odysseus, and Aias set out on an embassy to Achilleus; however, at line 182 the poet uses a verb in the dual form to indicate that there are only two people going; at lines 185ff. verbs in the plural form are used, indicating more than two; but another dual verb appears at line 192 ("the two of them came forward").

Phoinix

Dealing with errors[edit]

When continuity mistakes have been made, explanations are often proposed by either writers or fans to smooth over discrepancies. Fans sometimes make up explanations for such errors that may or may not be integrated into canon; this has come to be colloquially known as fanwanking (a term originally coined by the author Craig Hinton to describe excessive use of continuity).[8] Often when fans do not agree with one of the events in a story (such as the death of a favorite character), they will choose to ignore the event in question so that their enjoyment of the franchise is not diminished. When the holder of the intellectual property discards all existing continuity and starts from scratch, it is known as rebooting. Fans call a less extreme literary technique that erases one episode the reset button. See also fanon.


A conflict with previously-established facts is sometimes deliberate; this is a retcon, as it is a retroactive change in continuity. Retcons sometimes clarify ambiguities or correct perceived errors. This is not to be confused with the continuance of a reality (continuality).

Miller, Pat (December 1998). Script Supervising and Film Continuity, Third Edition. . ISBN 0-240-80294-2.

Focal Press

Gillan, Audrey (2008-11-10). . The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-12-21.

"An Aston Martini, stirred not shaken, please Pennymoney / Site lists 007 continuity gaffes in new Bond film / Odd Corsas, corpses and capitals spotted in movie"

Stamberg, Susan (2008-02-21). . National Public Radio. Retrieved 2008-12-21.

"When Continuity Counts, Call a Script Girl — Er, Guy"

Miller, Susan W. (2005-08-05). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-21.

"Career Counselor: Script Supervisor"