Continuous integration

In software engineering, continuous integration (CI) is the practice of merging all developers' working copies to a shared mainline several times a day.^[1] Nowadays it is typically implemented in such a way that it triggers an automated build with testing. Grady Booch first proposed the term CI in his 1991 method,^[2] although he did not advocate integrating several times a day. Extreme programming (XP) adopted the concept of CI and did advocate integrating more than once per day – perhaps as many as tens of times per day.^[3]

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#0__call_to_action.textDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#0__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#0__subtitleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#0__call_to_action.textDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

Rationale[edit]

When embarking on a change, a developer takes a copy of the current code base on which to work. As other developers submit changed code to the source code repository, this copy gradually ceases to reflect the repository code. Not only can the existing code base change, but new code can be added as well as new libraries, and other resources that create dependencies, and potential conflicts.

The longer development continues on a branch without merging back to the mainline, the greater the risk of multiple integration conflicts^[4] and failures when the developer branch is eventually merged back. When developers submit code to the repository they must first update their code to reflect the changes in the repository since they took their copy. The more changes the repository contains, the more work developers must do before submitting their own changes.

Eventually, the repository may become so different from the developers' baselines that they enter what is sometimes referred to as "merge hell", or "integration hell",^[5] where the time it takes to integrate exceeds the time it took to make their original changes.^[6]

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#1__descriptionDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

Workflows[edit]

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#8__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#8__descriptionDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#3__descriptionDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#3__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#3__descriptionDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__descriptionDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

Continuous integration is intended to produce benefits such as:

With continuous automated testing, benefits can include:

Some downsides of continuous integration can include:

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__heading--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__description--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__heading--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__description--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__quote--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__name--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#13__company_or_position--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__quote--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__name--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__company_or_position--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__quote--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__name--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__company_or_position--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__quote--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__name--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#12__company_or_position--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

(wiki) (a collegial discussion). C2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

"Continuous Integration"

Richardson, Jared. (introduction).

"Continuous Integration: The Cornerstone of a Great Shop"

Flowers, Jay. . Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2006.

"A Recipe for Build Maintainability and Reusability"

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__quote--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__name--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#7__company_or_position--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#2__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

Application release automation

Build light indicator

Comparison of continuous integration software

Continuous design

Continuous testing

Multi-stage continuous integration

Rapid application development

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__quote--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__name--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__company_or_position--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__quote--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__name--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__company_or_position--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__quote--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__name--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__company_or_position--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__quote--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__name--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#5__company_or_position--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#6__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--12DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--12DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--12DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--13DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--13DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--13DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--14DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--14DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--14DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--15DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--15DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--15DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--16DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--16DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--16DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--17DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--17DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--17DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--18DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--18DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--18DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__quote--19DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__name--19DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#9__company_or_position--19DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#4__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__titleDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__subtextDEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--0DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--1DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--2DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--3DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--4DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--5DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--6DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--7DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--8DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--9DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--10DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__quote--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__name--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$

$_$_$DEEZ_NUTS#11__company_or_position--11DEEZ_NUTS$_$_$