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Dogri language

Dogri (Name Dogra Akkhar: 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮; Devanagari: डोगरी; Nastaliq: ڈوگری; IPA: [ɖoːɡɾiː]) is an Indo-Aryan language the Western Pahari group,[3] primarily spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, with smaller groups of speakers in adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh, northern Punjab,[4] and north-eastern Pakistani Punjab.[5] It is the ethnic language of the Dogras, and was spoken in the historical region of Greater Duggar. It is currently spoken in the districts of Kathua, Jammu, Samba, Udhampur, and Reasi,[1] Residents of those districts also speak Kashmiri, Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal,[6] a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.[7]

Not to be confused with the Dogrib language of Canada.

Dogri

1.6 million in India (2011)[1]

Jammu and Kashmir, India[2]

doi – inclusive code
Individual codes:
dgo – Dogri proper
xnr – Kangri

Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census).[1] It has been among the country's 22 scheduled languages since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Gemination occurs in all consonants except the consonants /ɾ ɳ ɽ ʃ/.

Retroflex consonants /ɽ ɳ/ rarely occur in word initial position.

/f z x ɣ/ only occur from Perso-Arabic loan words. /f/ is also heard as an allophone of //.

/ɾ/ can also marginally be heard as trilled [r] in some speech.

In some words, /s/ can become more weakly pronounced, or even eliminated and replaced by a glottal fricative sound [h].

A palatal nasal sound [ɲ] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a post-alveolar affricate consonant, rarely occurring in words word-initially or medially.

A velar nasal sound [ŋ] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a velar plosive consonant, and rarely occurs word-initially or medially.

[10]

Just like , Dogri also uses the letters घ (gʱə), झ (d͡ʒʱə), ढ (ɖʱə), ध (d̪ʱə), भ (bʱə) and ढ़ (ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; i.e.:- घ (kə̂), झ (t͡ʃə̂), ढ (ʈə̂), ध (t̪ə̂), भ (pə̂) and ढ़ (ɽə̂). When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; i.e.:- अघ (ə̌ɡ), अझ (ə̌d͡ʒ), अढ (ə̌ɖ), अध (ə̌d̪), अभ (ə̌b) and अढ़ (ə̌ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी (kə̂ɽiː)- clock, and बध (bə̌d̪).

Punjabi

Unlike , there is no ह (ɦə) sound and it has a high-falling tone in all positions; i.e.:- हत्थ (ə̂t̪ːʰə)- hand.

Punjabi

To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a ) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; i.e.:- आ (aː), ई (iː), ऊ (uː), ए (eː), ऐ (ɛː), ओ (oː) and औ (ɔː). Example:- साह्ब (sǎːb)- sahab. When the preceding vowel is short, i.e., - अ (ə), इ (ɪ) and उ (ʊ); a combining apostrophe (ʼ) is used. Example:- लʼत्त (lə̌tː)- leg.

halant

The characters mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.

These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using Devanagari Script. They are as follows:-


Some examples are shown below.

Historical references[edit]

In the year 1317, Amir Khusro, the famous Urdu and Persian poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: "Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."[12][13]

Theories on name origin[edit]

Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir described Duggar as a distorted form of the word Dwigarta, which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the Mansar and Surinsar lakes.[14]


The linguist George Grierson connected the term Duggar with the Rajasthani word Doonger which means 'hill', and Dogra with Donger.[14] This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and has been contradicted by some scholars.[15]


Yet another proposal stems from the word Durgara, the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The word Durgara means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.


In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, Karnataka, could not reach consensus on the Dwigarta and Durgara hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words Duggar and Dogra are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.


An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word Duggar is a form of the word Duggarh sounds appropriate."[16]

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri

Dogri cinema

Gopal Haldar (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust

article by Ved Kumari Ghai

The Dogri Language

"One Hundredth Amendment," news report on the recognition of Dogri as a national language.

Dailyexcelsior.com

Modifications to Devanagri to represent Dogri tones

Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association)

Pahari.org

Dogri computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari Script)