Dogri language
Dogri (Name Dogra Akkhar: 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮; Devanagari: डोगरी; Nastaliq: ڈوگری; IPA: [ɖoːɡɾiː]) is an Indo-Aryan language the Western Pahari group,[3] primarily spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, with smaller groups of speakers in adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh, northern Punjab,[4] and north-eastern Pakistani Punjab.[5] It is the ethnic language of the Dogras, and was spoken in the historical region of Greater Duggar. It is currently spoken in the districts of Kathua, Jammu, Samba, Udhampur, and Reasi,[1] Residents of those districts also speak Kashmiri, Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal,[6] a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.[7]
Not to be confused with the Dogrib language of Canada.Dogri
- Jammu division
- Western Himachal Pradesh
- Punjab
1.6 million in India (2011)[1]
- Dogra script
- Devanagari
- Nastaliq
- Mahajani (historically)
Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census).[1] It has been among the country's 22 scheduled languages since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using Devanagari Script. They are as follows:-
Some examples are shown below.
Theories on name origin[edit]
Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir described Duggar as a distorted form of the word Dwigarta, which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the Mansar and Surinsar lakes.[14]
The linguist George Grierson connected the term Duggar with the Rajasthani word Doonger which means 'hill', and Dogra with Donger.[14] This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and has been contradicted by some scholars.[15]
Yet another proposal stems from the word Durgara, the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The word Durgara means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.
In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, Karnataka, could not reach consensus on the Dwigarta and Durgara hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words Duggar and Dogra are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.
An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word Duggar is a form of the word Duggarh sounds appropriate."[16]