Fair use (U.S. trademark law)
In the United States, trademark law includes a fair use defense, sometimes called "trademark fair use" to distinguish it from the better-known fair use doctrine in copyright. Fair use of trademarks is more limited than that which exists in the context of copyright.
Many trademarks are adapted from words or symbols that are common to the culture, as Apple, Inc. using a trademark that is based upon the apple. Other trademarks are invented by the mark owner (such as Kodak) and have no common use until introduced by the owner. Courts have recognized that ownership of a trademark or service mark cannot be used to prevent others from using the word or symbol in accord with its plain and ordinary meaning, such as if the trademark is a descriptive word or common symbol such as a pine tree. As a result, the less distinctive or original the trademark, the less able the trademark owner will be to control how it is used.
For the potentially infringing use of a trademark or service mark, fair use by a non-owner of the mark falls under two categories:
Nominative fair use of a mark may also occur within the context of comparative advertising.[2]
Under U.S. Supreme Court precedent, the fair use defense in trademark law is not precluded by the possibility of confusion.[3] However, courts may consider the possibility of confusion in analyzing whether a use is fair or not.[4] Intent to show confusion is also relevant; hence, as a general rule the trademark should be used no more than necessary for the legitimate purpose.[5] By the same token, use of a word mark is preferred to a logo, and a word mark in the same style of type as surrounding text is preferred to a word mark in its trademarked distinctive type.