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Federal Theatre Project

The Federal Theatre Project (FTP; 1935–1939) was a theatre program established during the Great Depression as part of the New Deal to fund live artistic performances and entertainment programs in the United States. It was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration, created not as a cultural activity but as a relief measure to employ artists, writers, directors, and theater workers. National director Hallie Flanagan shaped the FTP into a federation of regional theaters that created relevant art, encouraged experimentation in new forms and techniques, and made it possible for millions of Americans to see live theatre for the first time.[1] Although The Federal Theatre project consumed only 0.5% of the allocated budget from the WPA and was widely considered a commercial and critical success, the project became a source of heated political contention. Congress responded to the project's racial integration and accusations of Communist infiltration and cancelled its funding effective June 30, 1939.[2][3] One month before the project's end, drama critic Brooks Atkinson summarized: "Although the Federal Theatre is far from perfect, it has kept an average of ten thousand people employed on work that has helped to lift the dead weight from the lives of millions of Americans. It has been the best friend the theatre as an institution has ever had in this country."[4]

Dance drama[edit]

New productions[edit]

Numbers following the city of origin indicate the number of additional cities where the play was presented.

Federal Dance Project[edit]

The Federal Dance Project (FDP) was a short-lived entity that was ultimately absorbed into the Federal Theater Project.[16] Dancer Helen Tamiris was the central figure of the FDP, which existed as an independent entity from January 1936 until October 1937.[16]

Cultural references[edit]

A fictionalized view of the Federal Theatre Project is presented in the 1999 film Cradle Will Rock, in which Cherry Jones portrays Hallie Flanagan.[21]

Goldstein, Malcolm. The Political Stage: American Drama and Theater of the Great Depression. Oxford University Press, 1974.

Jefferson, Miles M. "The Negro on Broadway, 1947-1948". Phylon (1940–1956), vol. 9, no. 2, 1948, p. 99., doi:10.2307/272176.

Norflett, Linda Kerr. “Rosetta LeNoire: The Lady and Her Theatre". Black American Literature Forum, vol. 17, no. 2, 1983, p. 69., doi:10.2307/2904582.

Pool, Rosey E. "The Negro Actor in Europe". Phylon (1940–1956), vol. 14, no. 3, 1 Sept. 1953, pp. 258–267. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/271466?refreqid=search-gateway:0a4e4b9a53d893b23f2ee26ce846367f.

Roses, Lorraine Elena. Black Bostonians and the Politics of Culture, 1920-1940. University of Massachusetts Press, 2017.

Shandell, Jonathan. The American Negro Theatre and the Long Civil Rights Era. University of Iowa Press, 2018.

Sheridan, Frank; Leslie, Linda (1997). "A User's Guide to the Federal Theater Project". OAH Magazine of History. 11 (2): 50–52. :10.1093/maghis/11.2.50. ISSN 0882-228X. JSTOR 25163137.

doi

Batiste, Stephanie Leigh. Darkening Mirrors: Imperial Representation in Depression-Era African American Performance (Duke University Press; 2012) 352 pages; Explores African-Americans' participation on stage and screen; especially FTP's "voodoo" Macbeth.

Bentley, Joanne. Hallie Flanagan: A Life in the American Theatre (1988).

Flanagan, Hallie. Arena: The Story of the Federal Theatre (1940)  : Internet Archive

online 1985 edition : Free Borrowing

Frost, Leslie. "'Don’t Be Mean' and Other Lessons from Children’s Plays of the Federal Theatre Project." Ludics: Play as Humanistic Inquiry ed. by Vassiliki Rapti and Eric Gordon; (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2021) pp. 403-426.

Frost, Leslie Elaine, Dreaming America: Popular Front Ideals and Aesthetics in Children’s Plays of the Federal Theatre Project (Ohio State University Press, 2013).

Gagliardi, Paul (Fall 2017). . The Journal of American Drama and Theatre. 30 (1). Martin E. Segal Theatre Center. ISSN 2376-4236. PDF

"The Illusion of Work: The Con Artist Plays of the Federal Theatre Project"

Hurt, Melissa, “Oppressed, Stereotyped, and Silenced: Atlanta’s Black History with the Federal Theatre Project.” in Constructions of Race in Southern Theatre: From Federalism to the Federal Theatre Project edited by Noreen Barnes McLain. (University of Alabama Press, 2003).

Karoula, Rania (2020). The federal threatre Project, 1935-1939 : engagement and experimentation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.  9781474445450. OCLC 1272066373.

ISBN

Mathews, Jane DeHart. Federal Theatre, 1935-1939: Plays, Relief, and Politics (Princeton UP 1967)  j.ctt13x1bqq

JSTOR

Moore, Cecelia. The Federal Theatre Project in the American South: The Carolina Playmakers and the Quest for American Drama (Lexington Books, 2017).

Newton, Christopher. "In Order to Obtain the Desired Effect": Italian Language Theater Sponsored by the Federal Theatre Project in Boston, 1935–39," , (Sep 1994) 12#2 pp 187–200.

Italian Americana

O'Connor, John, and Lorraine Brown, eds. Free, Adult, Uncensored: The Living History of the Federal Theatre Project (1978).

O'Connor, John. "The Drama of Farming: The Federal Theatre Living Newspapers on Agriculture." Prospects 15 (1990): 325-358.

Osborne, Elizabeth (2011). "Storytelling, Chiggers, and the Bible Belt: The Georgia Experiment as the Public Face of the Federal Theatre Project". Theatre History Studies. 31 (1): 9–26. :10.1353/ths.2011.0016. S2CID 191586120. Project MUSE 469278.

doi

Osborne, Elizabeth A. (2011). Staging the people : community and identity in the Federal Theatre Project (First ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.  9780230113312. OCLC 741931369.

ISBN

Quinn, Susan (2008). Furious Improvisation: How the WPA and a Cast of Thousands Made High Art Out of Desperate Times. New York: Walker and Company.  9780802779717. OCLC 955212213. excerpt @ amazon

ISBN

Schwartz, Bonnie Nelson. Voices from the Federal Theatre. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003); includes interviews with such Federal Theatre actors, playwrights, directors, designers, producers, and dancers as , Jules Dassin, Katherine Dunham, Rosetta LeNoire, John Houseman etc; primary sources.

Arthur Miller

Shapiro, James. The Playbook: A Story of Theater, Democracy, and the Making of a Culture War (Penguin Press, 2024).

White, Leslie. "Eugene O'Neill and the Federal Theatre Project." Resources for American Literary Study 17.1 (1990): 63-85 .

online

Witham, Barry B. The Federal Theatre Project: A Case Study (2004).

excerpt @ amazon

Library of Congress

Coast to Coast: The Federal Theatre Project, 1935–1939

Hallie Flanagan papers, 1923–1963

at George Mason University

Federal Theatre Project Collection

Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh

Federal Theatre Project Collection, 1936–1939, CTC.1979.02, Curtis Theatre Collection

BlackPast.org: Federal Theatre Project (Negro Units)

Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, July/August 2003

"An Hour Upon the Stage: The Brief Life of Federal Theatre".

full text plus recreation-for-radio production of the Federal Theater Project drama.

American Studies at the University of Virginia: Triple A Plowed Under

Archived 2010-07-19 at the Wayback Machine

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture — Federal Theater Project

by Sarah Guthu — from the Great Depression in Washington State Project

"Federal Theater Project in Washington State"