Examples and counterexamples[edit]

The majority of 'everyday' spaces in mathematics are first-countable. In particular, every metric space is first-countable. To see this, note that the set of open balls centered at with radius for integers form a countable local base at


An example of a space that is not first-countable is the cofinite topology on an uncountable set (such as the real line). More generally, the Zariski topology on an algebraic variety over an uncountable field is not first-countable.


Another counterexample is the ordinal space where is the first uncountable ordinal number. The element is a limit point of the subset even though no sequence of elements in has the element as its limit. In particular, the point in the space does not have a countable local base. Since is the only such point, however, the subspace is first-countable.


The quotient space where the natural numbers on the real line are identified as a single point is not first countable.[1] However, this space has the property that for any subset and every element in the closure of there is a sequence in A converging to A space with this sequence property is sometimes called a Fréchet–Urysohn space.


First-countability is strictly weaker than second-countability. Every second-countable space is first-countable, but any uncountable discrete space is first-countable but not second-countable.

Properties[edit]

One of the most important properties of first-countable spaces is that given a subset a point lies in the closure of if and only if there exists a sequence in that converges to (In other words, every first-countable space is a Fréchet-Urysohn space and thus also a sequential space.) This has consequences for limits and continuity. In particular, if is a function on a first-countable space, then has a limit at the point if and only if for every sequence where for all we have Also, if is a function on a first-countable space, then is continuous if and only if whenever then


In first-countable spaces, sequential compactness and countable compactness are equivalent properties. However, there exist examples of sequentially compact, first-countable spaces that are not compact (these are necessarily not metrizable spaces). One such space is the ordinal space Every first-countable space is compactly generated.


Every subspace of a first-countable space is first-countable. Any countable product of a first-countable space is first-countable, although uncountable products need not be.

 – Property of topological space

Fréchet–Urysohn space

 – Topological space whose topology has a countable base

Second-countable space

 – Topological space with a dense countable subset

Separable space

 – Topological space characterized by sequences

Sequential space

, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]

"first axiom of countability"

(1989). General Topology. Sigma Series in Pure Mathematics, Vol. 6 (Revised and completed ed.). Heldermann Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3885380064.

Engelking, Ryszard