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Francis of Assisi

Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone (c. 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as Francis of Assisi, [b] was an Italian mystic, poet, and Catholic friar who founded the religious order of the Franciscans. Inspired to lead a Christian life of poverty, he became a beggar[7] and itinerant preacher.

This article is about the friar and patron saint. For other uses, see Francis of Assisi (disambiguation).

Saint

Francis of Assisi

OFM

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One of the most venerated figures in Christianity,[8][4] Francis was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown habit with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots symbolizing the three Franciscan vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.


In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan al-Kamil and put an end to the conflict of the Fifth Crusade.[9] In 1223, he arranged for the first live nativity scene as part of the annual Christmas celebration in Greccio.[c][10][11] According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the stigmata during the apparition of a Seraphic angel in a religious ecstasy.[12]


He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of St. Clare, the Third Order of St. Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Once his community was authorized by Pope Innocent III, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs.


Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the environment. It became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his feast day of the fourth of October, which became World Animal Day. He is known for devotion to the Eucharist.[13] Along with Catherine of Siena, he was designated patron saint of Italy. He is also the namesake of the American city of San Francisco.

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Names[edit]

Francis (Italian: Francesco d'Assisi; Latin: Franciscus Assisiensis) was baptized Giovanni by his mother. His surname, di Pietro di Bernardone, comes from his father, Pietro di Bernardone. The latter was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi, a small town in Italy. Upon his return, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man" or "Frenchman"), possibly in honour of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.[14]

The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Francis from his canonization onwards, and Francis appeared in European art soon after his death.[92] The order commissioned many works for Franciscan churches, either showing him with sacred figures or episodes from his life. There are large early fresco cycles in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi, parts of which are shown above.


There are countless seventeenth- and eighteenth-century depictions of Saint Francis of Assisi and a musical angel in churches and museums throughout western Europe. The titles of these depictions vary widely, at times describing Francis as "consoled", "comforted", in "ecstasy" or in "rapture"; the presence of the musical angel may or may not be mentioned.[93]

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Francis of Assisi in art

St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century, in Santa Croce, Florence.

St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century, in Santa Croce, Florence.

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, a 1950 film directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico Fellini. Francis was played by Nazario Gerardi, a Franciscan friar from the monastery Nocera Inferiore.

The Flowers of St. Francis

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The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young

The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young

Saint Francis renounces his earthly father.

Saint Francis renounces his earthly father.

Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; , 1224

Canticle of the Sun

Oratio ante Crucifixum, Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation)

Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221

Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223

Testament, 1226

Admonitions, 1205 to 1209

[86]

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Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata, Jan van Eyck, c. 1430–1432, Turin version

Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata, Jan van Eyck, c. 1430–1432, Turin version

The Stigmatization of St Francis, Domenico Veneziano, 1445

The Stigmatization of St Francis, Domenico Veneziano, 1445

Saint Francis in the Desert Giovanni Bellini, c. 1480

Saint Francis in the Desert Giovanni Bellini, c. 1480

Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, Carlo Crivelli, c. 1500

Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, Carlo Crivelli, c. 1500

Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, Studio of El Greco, 1585–1590

Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, Studio of El Greco, 1585–1590

Francis of Assisi with angel music, Francisco Ribalta, c. 1620

Francis of Assisi with angel music, Francisco Ribalta, c. 1620

Saint Francis in Meditation, Francisco de Zurbarán, 1639

Saint Francis in Meditation, Francisco de Zurbarán, 1639

Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639

Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639

Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Caravaggio, c. 1595

Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Caravaggio, c. 1595

Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937)

Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937)

The Ecstasy of St. Francis, Stefano di Giovanni, 1444

The Ecstasy of St. Francis, Stefano di Giovanni, 1444

Nazario Gerardi as Francis in The Flowers of St. Francis, 1950

Nazario Gerardi as Francis in The Flowers of St. Francis, 1950

Statue in Askeaton Abbey, Ireland, claimed to cure toothache, 14th–15th century

Statue in Askeaton Abbey, Ireland, claimed to cure toothache, 14th–15th century

St Francis, Tiberio d'Assisi, 1470 - 1524

St Francis, Tiberio d'Assisi, 1470 - 1524

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, a 1961 film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl, starring Bradford Dillman as Francis. Dolores Hart, who plays Clare, later became a Benedictine nun.

Francis of Assisi

, a 1966 made-for-television film directed by Liliana Cavani, starring Lou Castel as Francis.

Francesco di Assisi

, a 1966 film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini

The Hawks and the Sparrows

, a 1972 film by Franco Zeffirelli, starring Graham Faulkner as Francis.

Brother Sun, Sister Moon

, a 1989 film by Liliana Cavani, contemplatively paced, follows Francis of Assisi's evolution from a rich man's son to a religious humanitarian, and eventually to a full-fledged self-tortured saint. Francis is played by Mickey Rourke.

Francesco

St. Francis, a 2002 film directed by , starring Raoul Bova as Francis.

Michele Soavi

Clare and Francis, a 2007 film directed by , starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi

Fabrizio Costa

, a 2010 satirical Indian Malayalam film

Pranchiyettan and the Saint

Finding St. Francis, a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander

L'ami – François d'Assise et ses frères (The friend – Francis of Assisi and his brothers), a 2016 film directed by Renaud Fely and Arnaud Louvet starring Elio Germano

[94]

The Sultan and the Saint, a 2016 film directed by Alexander Kronemer, starring Alexander McPherson

[95]

Sign of Contradiction, a 2018 documentary film featuring commentary by Fr. Dave Pivonka, Cardinal Raniero Cantalamessa, and others, focusing on a revealing of the true St. Francis to modern audiences.

[95]

In Search of St. Francis of Assisi, documentary featuring Franciscan friars and others

[96]

, a 2022 film on YouTube Originals by Nicolas Brown, telling the story of Saint Francis and the encyclical 'Laudato Si'.[97]

The Letter: A Message for our Earth

Feast of Saint Francis

, an opera by Olivier Messiaen

St. François d'Assise

Blessing of animals

Fraticelli

List of places named after St. Francis

Pardon of Assisi

St. Francis of Assisi, patron saint archive

Society of St. Francis

which contains a portrait of Francis made during his lifetime

St. Benedict's Cave

one of Francis' original followers

St. Juniper

Wolf of Gubbio

Encyclopædia Britannica online

"St. Francis of Assisi"

Butler's Lives of the Saints

"St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor"

The Franciscan Archive

St. Francis of Assisi – Catholic Saints & Angels

from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend

Here Followeth the Life of St. Francis

Colonnade Statue in St. Peter's Square

Founder Statue in St. Peter's Basilica

. Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian prayer group. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018.

"The Poor Man of Assisi"

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Francis of Assisi

at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by Francis of Assisi

Exhibition at the National Gallery, London, May 6 – July 30, 2023. Review: Julian Bell, "Opulence and Humility", The New York Review of Books, August 17, 2023. Review: Mary Wellesley "St Francis of Assisi", London Review of Books, 27 July 2023.

Saint Francis of Assisi

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Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone
1181
Assisi, Duchy of Spoleto, Holy Roman Empire

3 October 1226 (aged approximately 44 years)
Assisi, Umbria, Papal States[4]

16 July 1228, Assisi, Papal States by Pope Gregory IX

Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi

4 October

Franciscan habit, birds, animals, stigmata, crucifix, book, and a skull

Franciscan Order, poor people,[5] ecology, animals, stowaways, merchants, Aguada, Naga, Cebu, Balamban, Cebu, Dumanjug, Cebu, General Trias, Cavite, and Italy