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Phonograph record

A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English), a vinyl record (for later varieties only), or simply a record or vinyl is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the outside edge and ends near the center of the disc. The stored sound information is made audible by playing the record on a phonograph (or "gramophone", "turntable", or "record player").

For the magazine, see Phonograph Record (magazine). For cylinder recordings formerly commonly called phonograph records, see Phonograph cylinder.

Records have been produced in different formats with playing times ranging from a few minutes to around 30 minutes per side. For about half a century, the discs were commonly made from shellac and these records typically ran at a rotational speed of 78 rpm, giving it the nickname "78s" ("seventy-eights"). After the 1940s, "vinyl" records made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) became standard replacing the old 78s and remain so to this day; they have since been produced in various sizes and speeds, most commonly 7-inch discs played at 45 rpm (typically for singles, also called 45s ("forty-fives")), and 12-inch discs played at 33⅓ rpm (known as an LP, "long-playing records", typically for full-length albums) – the latter being the most prevalent format today.

Formats[edit]

Types of records[edit]

The usual diameters of the holes on an EP record are 0.286 inches (7.26 mm).[86]


Sizes of records in the United States and the UK are generally measured in inches, e.g. 7-inch records, which are generally 45 rpm records. LPs were 10-inch records at first, but soon the 12-inch size became by far the most common. Generally, 78s were 10-inch, but 12-inch and 7-inch and even smaller were made—the so-called "little wonders".[87]

Less common recording formats[edit]

VinylVideo[edit]

VinylVideo is a format to store a low resolution black and white video on a vinyl record alongside encoded audio.[146][147][148]

Capacitance Electronic Disc[edit]

Another example is the Capacitance Electronic Disc, a color video format, slightly better than VHS.[149]

Capacitance Electronic Disc

Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs

Electrical transcription

LP record

(photo documentary)

The New Face of Vinyl: Youth's Digital Devolution

Phonograph cylinder

Record Store Day

Sound recording and reproduction

Unusual types of gramophone records

Apollo Masters Corporation fire

How do vinyl record works at

vinyl-place website

Playback equalization for 78 rpm shellacs and early LPs (EQ curves, index of record labels):

Audacity Wiki

. Educational video, 1942.

The manufacturing and production of shellac records

including equalization data for different makes of 78s and LPs.

Reproduction of 78 rpm records

a site devoted to all aspects of the making of Gramophone records.

The Secret Society of Lathe Trolls

How to digitize gramophone records:

Audacity Tutorial

Actual list of vinyl pressing plants:

vinyl-pressing-plants.com

Dedicated museum for sound history:

Musée des ondes Emile Berliner, Montreal, Canada

Smart Vinyl: The First Computerized

Semi-automatic metadata extraction from shellac and vinyl disc

Vinyl Player 2.0