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Grand strategy

Grand strategy or high strategy is a state's strategy of how means (military and nonmilitary) can be used to advance and achieve national interests in the long-term.[1][2][3] Issues of grand strategy typically include the choice of military doctrine, force structure and alliances, as well as economic relations, diplomatic behavior, and methods to extract or mobilize resources.

For grand strategy in wargaming, see Grand strategy wargame.

In contrast to strategy, grand strategy encompasses more than military means (such as diplomatic and economic means); does not equate success with purely military victory but also the pursuit of peacetime goals and prosperity; and considers goals and interests in the long-term rather than short-term.[4][5]


In contrast to foreign policy, grand strategy emphasizes the military implications of policy; considers costs benefits of policies, as well as limits on capabilities; establishes priorities; and sets out a practical plan rather than a set of ambitions and wishes.[6][7][8] A country's political leadership typically directs grand strategy with input from the most senior military officials. Development of a nation's grand strategy may extend across many years or even multiple generations.


Much scholarship on grand strategy focuses on the United States, which has since the end of World War II had a grand strategy oriented around primacy, "deep engagement", and/or liberal hegemony, which entail that the United States maintains military predominance; maintains an extensive network of allies (exemplified by NATO, bilateral alliances and foreign US military bases); and integrates other states into US-designed international institutions (such as the IMF, WTO/GATT and World Bank).[9][10][11] Critics of this grand strategy, which includes proponents for offshore balancing, selective engagement, restraint, and isolationism, argue for pulling back.

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Kennedy, Paul M. (1991). Grand Strategies in War and Peace. Yale University Press.  978-0-300-05666-2.

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(2014). Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7086-8.

Posen, Barry R.

Platias, Athanassios; Koliopoulos, Constantinos (2017). Thucydides on Strategy: Grand Strategies in the Peloponnesian War and Their Relevance Today. Oxford University Press.  978-0-19-754805-9.

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Gaddis, John Lewis (2018). On Grand Strategy. United States: Penguin Press.  978-1594203510.

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Art, Robert J (2004). A Grand Strategy for America. Cornell University Press.  978-0-8014-8957-0.

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. American Grand Strategy After 9/11: An Assessment Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. April 2005

Biddle, Stephen

. On War

Clausewitz, Carl von

Strategy. London:Faber, 1967 (2nd rev. ed.)

Liddell Hart, B. H.

The Grand strategy of the Roman Empire

Luttwak, E.

Papasotiriou, Harry. Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire

Borgwardt, Elizabeth; Nichols, Christopher Mcknight; Preston, Andrew, eds. (2021). Rethinking American Grand Strategy. :10.1093/oso/9780190695668.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-069566-8.

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