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Great Canadian flag debate

The Great Canadian flag debate (or Great Flag Debate) was a national debate that took place in 1963 and 1964 when a new design for the national flag of Canada was chosen.[1]

Although the flag debate had been going on for a long time prior, it officially began on June 15, 1964, when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson proposed his plans for a new flag in the House of Commons. The debate lasted more than six months, bitterly dividing[2] the people in the process. The debate over the proposed new Canadian flag was ended by closure on December 15, 1964. It resulted in the adoption of the "Maple Leaf" as the Canadian national flag, which remains the official national flag of Canada.


The flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, a date that has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day since 1996.

2,136 contained

maple leaves

408 contained Union Jacks

389 contained

beavers

359 contained

Fleurs-de-lys

On September 10, 1964, a committee of 15 Members of Parliament was announced.[6] It was made up of seven Liberals, five Conservatives (PC) and one each from the New Democratic Party (NDP), the Social Credit Party and the Ralliement créditiste.[6]


The Committee members were as follows:[8]


The Conservatives at first saw this event as a victory, for they knew that all previous flag committees had suffered miscarriages. During the next six weeks the committee held 35 lengthy meetings. Thousands of suggestions also poured in from a public engaged in what had become a great Canadian debate about identity and how best to represent it.


3,541 entries were submitted: many contained common elements:


At the last minute, John Matheson slipped a flag designed by historian George Stanley into the mix. The idea came to him while standing in front of the Mackenzie Building of the Royal Military College of Canada, while viewing the college flag flying in the wind. Stanley submitted a March 23, 1964 formal detailed memorandum[9] to Matheson on the history of Canada's emblems, predating Pearson's raising the issue, in which he warned that any new flag "must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature" and that it would be "clearly inadvisable" to create a flag that carried either a Union Jack or a Fleur-de-lis. The design put forward had a single red maple leaf on a white plain background, flanked by two red borders, based on the design of the flag of the Royal Military College. The voting was held on October 22, 1964, when the committee's final contest pitted Pearson's pennant against Stanley's. Assuming that the Liberals would vote for the Prime Minister's design, the Conservatives backed Stanley. They were outmaneuvered by the Liberals who had agreed with others to choose the Stanley Maple Leaf flag. The Liberals voted for the red and white flag, making the selection unanimous (15–0).[10]

Parliamentary vote[edit]

While the committee had made its decision, the House of Commons had not. Diefenbaker would not budge, so the debate continued for six weeks as the Conservatives launched a filibuster. The debate had become so ugly that the Toronto Star called it "The Great Flag Farce."[6]


The debate was prolonged until one of Diefenbaker's own senior members, Léon Balcer, and the Créditiste, Réal Caouette, advised the government to cut off debate by applying closure. Pearson did so, and after some 250 speeches, the final vote adopting the Stanley flag took place at 2:15 on the morning of December 15, 1964, with Balcer and the other francophone Conservatives swinging behind the Liberals. The committee's recommendation was accepted 163 to 78. At 2:00 AM, immediately after the successful vote, Matheson wrote to Stanley: "Your proposed flag has just now been approved by the Commons 163 to 78. Congratulations. I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well."[11] Diefenbaker, however, called it "a flag by closure, imposed by closure."[12]


On the afternoon of December 15, the Commons also voted in favour of continued use of the Union Flag as an official flag to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the Crown and its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.[13] Senate approval followed on December 17, 1964. The Union Jack, or the "Royal Union Flag", as it would be officially termed in the parliamentary resolution, would be put alongside the new flag at federal government buildings, federally-operated airports, military installations, at the masthead of Royal Canadian Navy ships within Canadian waters, and at other appropriate establishments on Commonwealth Day, Victoria Day (the monarch's official birthday in Canada), 11 December (the anniversary of the enactment of the Statute of Westminster 1931), and when otherwise instructed to do so by the National Defence Headquarters.[13]

History of Canada

Australian flag debate

New Zealand flag debate

Northern Ireland flags issue

Albinski, Henry S. (August 1967). "Politics and Biculturalism in Canada: The Flag Debate*". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 13 (2): 169–188. :10.1111/j.1467-8497.1967.tb00800.x.

doi

Band, C.P. & Stovel, E.L. (1925) Our Flag: A Concise Illustrated History. Toronto, ON: Musson Book Co.

4306–4309

Champion, C. P. (2006). "A Very British Coup: Canadianism, Quebec, and Ethnicity in the Flag Debate, 1964-1965". Journal of Canadian Studies. 40 (3): 68–99. :10.3138/jcs.40.3.68. ISSN 0021-9495. S2CID 142885623.

doi

Champion, C. P. (2010). The Strange Demise of British Canada The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism, 1964-68. McGill-Queen's University Press.  978-0-7735-9105-9.

ISBN

Diefenbaker, John G. (1977). . One Canada: Memoirs of the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 978-0-7705-1569-0.

The Tumultuous Years 1962–1967

Fraser, Alistair B. (1991). "A Canadian Flag for Canada". Journal of Canadian Studies. 25 (4): 64–80. :10.3138/jcs.25.4.64. ISSN 0021-9495. S2CID 151423158.

doi

Fraser, A.B. "The Flags of Canada".

http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/index.html

Granatstein, J. L. (1986). . Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3515-9.

Canada 1957–1967: the Years of Uncertainty and Innovation

Kelly, K. (1964) "Closure Day in Parliament: Flag debate may die in Commons, revive in Senate". Chronicle Herald Dec. 15, 1964. 1, 6.

Matheson, John Ross (1986). "Lester Pearson and the flag, 1960–1964". . Belleville, Ont.: Mika. ISBN 978-0-919303-01-0.

Canada's flag: A Search for a Country

(1965) The Story of Canada's Flag: A Historical Sketch. Toronto: Ryerson Press.

Stanley, G.F.G.

Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in The Canadian Encyclopedia

Flag Debate

The Flags of Canada, by Alistair B. Fraser.

Canada, flag proposals

Stanley, G. F. G. (March 23, 1964), , archived from the original on March 9, 2014 - Dr. George F.G. Stanley's Flag Memorandum

Memo to John Matheson

CBC Digital Archives—The Great Canadian Flag Debate

Story of the Red Ensign

Great Flag Debate continues over Vimy Ridge anniversary