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Healthcare reform in the United States

Healthcare reform in the United States has a long history. Reforms have often been proposed but have rarely been accomplished. In 2010, landmark reform was passed through two federal statutes: the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), signed March 23, 2010,[1][2] and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (H.R. 4872), which amended the PPACA and became law on March 30, 2010.[3][4]

Future reforms of the American health care system continue to be proposed, with notable proposals including a single-payer system and a reduction in fee-for-service medical care.[5] The PPACA includes a new agency, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMS Innovation Center), which is intended to research reform ideas through pilot projects.

1965: President enacted legislation that introduced Medicare, covering both hospital (Part A) and supplemental medical (Part B) insurance for senior citizens. The legislation also introduced Medicaid, which permitted the Federal government to partially fund a program for the poor, with the program managed and co-financed by the individual states.[6][7]

Lyndon Johnson

1985: The (COBRA) amended the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to give some employees the ability to continue health insurance coverage after leaving employment.[8]

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

1996: The (HIPAA) not only protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs, it also made health insurance companies cover pre-existing conditions. If such condition had been diagnosed before purchasing insurance, insurance companies are required to cover it after patient has one year of continuous coverage. If such condition was already covered on their current policy, new insurance policies due to changing jobs, etc... have to cover the condition immediately.[9]

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

1997: The introduced two new major Federal healthcare insurance programs, Part C of Medicare and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, or SCHIP. Part C formalized longstanding "Managed Medicare" (HMO, etc.) demonstration projects and SCHIP was established to provide health insurance to children in families at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty line. Many other "entitlement" changes and additions were made to Parts A and B of fee for service (FFS) Medicare and to Medicaid within an omnibus law that also made changes to the Food Stamp and other Federal programs.[10]

Balanced Budget Act of 1997

2000: The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act (BIPA) effectively reversed some of the cuts to the three named programs in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 because of Congressional concern that providers would stop providing services.

2003: The (also known as the Medicare Modernization Act or MMA) introduced supplementary optional coverage within Medicare for self-administered prescription drugs and as the name suggests also changed the other three existing Parts of Medicare law.

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

2010

[3]

The following is a summary of reform achievements at the national level in the United States. For failed efforts, state-based efforts, native tribes services, and more details, see the history of health care reform in the United States article.

Trump administration efforts[edit]

In 2016, Donald Trump was elected president on a platform that included a pledge to "repeal and replace" the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly called the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare). Trump proposed the American Health Care Act (AHCA), which was drafted and passed by the House of Representatives in 2017 but did not pass the Senate. Had the AHCA become law, it would have returned insurance and healthcare to the market, leaving around 18 million Americans uninsured.[105]


Incentivizing health reimbursement arrangements is another goal.[106]

Broccoli argument

Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

Health in the United States

Health insurance

Health Advocate

Health care reform

Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration

Health care system § International comparisons

Health economics

Health policy

List of healthcare reform advocacy groups in the United States

McCarran–Ferguson Act

Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate

Christensen, Clayton Hwang, Jason, Grossman, Jerome, Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, McGraw Hill, 2009. ISBN 978-0-07-159208-6.

The Innovator's Prescription

Terry L. Leap, Phantom Billing, Fake Prescriptions, and the High Cost of Medicine: Health Care Fraud and What to do about It (Cornell University Press, 2011).

Mahar, Maggie, , HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-06-076533-0

Money-Driven Medicine: The Real Reason Health Care Costs So Much

Reid, T. R. (2009). . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-234-6.

The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper and Fairer Health Care

at Curlie

Healthcare reform in the United States