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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (/ˈhæpsbɜːrɡ/, German: Haus Habsburg, pronounced [haʊ̯s ˈhaːpsˌbʊʁk] ⓘ), also known as the House of Austria,[note 6] is one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.[3][4]

"Habsburg" redirects here. For the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, see House of Habsburg-Lorraine. For other uses, see Habsburg (disambiguation).

House of Habsburg
Haus Habsburg

House of Eticho (disputed)

List

Habsburg Castle

11th century

Radbot of Klettgau

Karl von Habsburg (cognatic line)

Charles I of Austria (cognatic line)

List

A.E.I.O.U. and Viribus Unitis

Agnatic: (all are extinct)

Cognatic:

The house takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day Switzerland by Radbot of Klettgau, who named his fortress Habsburg. His grandson Otto II was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding "Count of Habsburg" to his title. In 1273, Count Radbot's seventh-generation descendant, Rudolph of Habsburg, was elected King of the Romans. Taking advantage of the extinction of the Babenbergs and of his victory over Ottokar II of Bohemia at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, he appointed his sons as Dukes of Austria and moved the family's power base to Vienna, where the Habsburg dynasty gained the name of "House of Austria" and ruled until 1918.


The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740, and, as the Habsburg-Lorraines, from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806. The house also produced kings of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Spain, Portugal, Lombardy-Venetia and Galicia-Lodomeria, with their respective colonies; rulers of several principalities in the Low Countries and Italy; numerous Prince-Bishoprics in the Holy Roman Empire, and in the 19th century, emperors of Austria and of Austria-Hungary, as well as one emperor of Mexico. The family split several times into parallel branches, most consequentially in the mid-16th century between its Spanish and German-Austrian branches following the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. Although they ruled distinct territories, the different branches nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried.


Members of the Habsburg family oversee the Austrian branch of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George. The current head of the family is Karl von Habsburg.

Name[edit]

The origins of Habsburg Castle's name are uncertain. There is disagreement on whether the name is derived from the High German Habichtsburg (hawk castle), or from the Middle High German word hab/hap meaning ford, as there is a river with a ford nearby. The first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108.[5][6][7]


The Habsburg name was not continuously used by the family members, since they often emphasized their more prestigious princely titles. The dynasty was thus long known as the "House of Austria". Complementarily, in some circumstances the family members were identified by their place of birth. Charles V was known in his youth after his birthplace as Charles of Ghent. When he became king of Spain he was known as Charles of Spain, and after he was elected emperor, as Charles V (in French, Charles Quint).


In Spain, the dynasty was known as the Casa de Austria, including illegitimate sons such as John of Austria and John Joseph of Austria. The arms displayed in their simplest form were those of Austria, which the Habsburgs had made their own, at times impaled with the arms of the Duchy of Burgundy (ancient).


After Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine, the idea of "Habsburg" as associated with ancestral Austrian rulership was used to show that the old dynasty continued as did all its inherited rights. Some younger sons who had no prospects of the throne were given the personal title of "count of Habsburg".


The surname of more recent members of the family such as Otto von Habsburg and Karl von Habsburg is taken to be "von Habsburg" or more completely "von Habsburg-Lothringen". Princes and members of the house use the tripartite arms adopted in the 18th century by Francis Stephen.


The name of the dynasty is sometimes spelled in English publications as Hapsburg.[8][9][10]

The (German: Kaisergruft), also called the Capuchin Crypt (Kapuzinergruft), is located beneath the unassuming church and monastery of the Order of the Capuchin Friars, provides an immersive exploration of 400 years of Austrian and European history.[47] It covers pivotal events such as the Thirty Years' War and the rise of revolutionary ideals, offering insight into the concept of an united Europe.[48]Designed by prominent artists of their time, the crypt's chambers display symbols of authority, reflecting the ambitions of the Habsburg dynasty. Amidst this historical backdrop, artifacts within the crypt subtly acknowledge mortality and faith, underscoring a personal trust in the divine and a humble reverence for the Creator.[49]However, it is the human narratives behind the titles, victories, and defeats that lend the crypt its profound significance. Today, the crypt serves as the final resting place for 150 Habsburg figures, serving as a poignant reminder of the ephemeral nature of power and the enduring complexities of human existence.[50]

Imperial Crypt

(intermittently from 1273 until 1806) and Roman-German kings[57]

Holy Roman Emperors

(as dukes from 1278 until 1453; as archdukes from 1453 and as emperors from 1804 until 1918)

Rulers of Austria

(1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918)

Kings of Bohemia

(1516–1700)

Kings of Spain

and Croatia (1526–1918)

Kings of Hungary

and Ireland (1554–1558)[note 1][58]

King of England

(1581–1640)

Kings of Portugal

(1690–1867)

Grand princes of Transylvania

(1772–1918)

Kings of Galicia and Lodomeria

(1864–1867)

Emperor of Mexico

(1918–1922) (→Family Tree)

Charles I

(1922–2007)[65]

Otto von Habsburg

guardian (1922–1930)

Zita of Bourbon-Parma

(2007–present)

Karl von Habsburg

A.E.I.O.U.

Habsburg monarchy

Habsburg Spain

Royal intermarriage

Habsburg family tree

Heraldry of the House of Habsburg

French–Habsburg rivalry

Habsburg Myth

Agamov, A. M. Dynasties of Europe 400–2016: Complete Genealogy of Sovereign Houses (in Russian). Moscow, 2017. pp. 27–33.

Bittles, AH; Grant, JC (2002). "Does inbreeding lead to decreased human fertility?". Human Biology. 29 (2): 111–130. :10.1080/03014460110075657. PMID 11874619. S2CID 31317976.

doi

Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia. Clearfield, 1996.

Callaghan, Clare (2019). Great Events from History, Volume I; The Renaissance & Early Modern Era.  978-1-58765-214-1.

ISBN

Cowans, Jon (2003). Modern Spain: A Documentary History. U. of Pennsylvania Press.  0-8122-1846-9.

ISBN

Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (First published by Longmans in 1963.)

Erbe, Michael (2000). Die Habsburger 1493–1918. Urban. . ISBN 978-3-17-011866-9.

Kohlhammer Verlag

Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press, 1979.

Fichtner, Paula Sutter (1976). "Dynastic Marriage in Sixteenth-Century Habsburg Diplomacy and Statecraft: An Interdisciplinary Approach". The American Historical Review. 81 (2): 243–265. :10.2307/1851170. JSTOR 1851170.

doi

Kos, Milko (1985). Srednjeveška kultur, družbena in politična zgodovina Slovencev. Slovenska Matica.

McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. The Habsburgs. Doubleday, 1966.

Naumann, Karl Gottfried (1855). Genealogische geschichte der Europäischen staaten als hülfsmittel bei Historischen studien und zum Gebrauch höherer Lehranstalten. F. Mauke.

Palmer, Alan. Napoleón and Marie Louise: The Emperor's Second Wife. St. Martin's Press, 2001.

Rady, Martyn. The Habsburgs: To Rule the World. Basic Books, 2020.

Wandruszka, Adam. The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty. Doubleday, 1964 (, 1975).

Greenwood Press

in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Newspaper clippings about House of Habsburg

The World of the Habsburgs