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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts fought between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine and was triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fueled by emerging nationalism on both sides. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces.

For the earlier Anglo-French conflict referred to by some French historians as the "First Hundred Years' War", see Capet–Plantagenet feud. For the later Anglo-French conflict, see Second Hundred Years' War. For the war between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Ottoman Empire, see Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War.

The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the Middle Ages. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of France, which was then the dominant kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European warfare; chivalry, which reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. Stronger national identities took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as global powers.[1]


The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a historiographical periodisation to encompass dynastically related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in European history.[2][3] The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the House of Valois ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France. The French and English monarchies thereafter remained separate, despite the monarchs of England (later Britain) styling themselves as sovereigns of France until 1802.

France–United Kingdom relations

Military history of the United Kingdom

Military history of France

Influence of French on English

List of battles involving the Kingdom of France

Medieval demography

Timeline of the Hundred Years' War

Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris

(2012). Conquest: The English Kingdom of France 1417–1450 (PDF). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06560-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2020.

Barker, J.

Corrigan, Gordon (2014), A Great and Glorious Adventure: A Military History of the Hundred Years War, Atlantic Books,  978-1-84887-927-0

ISBN

Cuttino, G. P., "The Causes of the Hundred Years War", Speculum 31#3 (1956), pp. 463–477

online

Favier, Jean (1980). La Guerre de Cent Ans. Paris: Fayard.  978-2-213-00898-1.

ISBN

Froissart, Jean (1895). Macaulay, George Campbell (ed.). . Translated by Bourchier, John; Lord Berners. London: Macmillan and Son. Retrieved 24 September 2012.

The Chronicles of Froissart

Green, David (2014), The Hundred Years War: A People's History. New Haven and London: Yale.  978-0-300-13451-3

ISBN

Lambert, Craig L. (2011). "Edward III's siege of Calais: A reappraisal". . 37 (3): 245–256. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.05.002. S2CID 159935247.

Journal of Medieval History

Postan, M. M. "Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years' War", Economic History Review 12#1/2, 1942, pp. 1–12.

online

(2003). The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453. Brief Histories (revised ed.). London: Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-678-7.

Seward, D.

The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre

. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017.

"Timeline of the Hundred Years War"

University of Kansas Emeritus

The Hundred Years' War (1336–1565) by Lynn H. Nelson

The Hundred Years' War information and game

Jean Froissart, from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook

"On The Hundred Years War (1337–1453)"

University of Southampton and University of Reading.

Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War.

. Luminarium Encyclopedia (Online Resource ed.). 26 April 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2017.

"Causes of the Wars of the Roses: An Overview"