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Indentured servitude

Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract, called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for purported eventual compensation or debt repayment, or imposed involuntarily as a judicial punishment. Many came with forged or no contract they ever saw.

Historically, for an apprenticeship, when an apprentice worked with no pay for a master tradesman to learn a trade (this was often for a fixed length of time, usually seven years or less). Apprenticeship was not the same as indentureship, although many apprentices were tricked into falling into debt and thus having to indenture themselves for years more to pay off such sums.


Many indentured servants were contracted for by American colonial Planters with the British government for so many men, women or children of various age groups. How these contracts were fulfilled wasn't important. Many quotas were met by kidnapping or duping such individuals into thinking they would have it easy in America, being promised gardens and orchards and houses, which were nonexistent, and what rewards they received at the end, little.


Like any loan, an indenture could be sold; most masters had to depend on middlemen or ships masters to recruit and transport the workers, so indentureships were commonly sold by such men to planters or others upon the ships arrival. Like slaves, their price went up or down, depending on supply and demand. When the indenture (loan) was paid off, the worker was free but not always in good health or sound of body. Sometimes they might be given a plot of land or a small sum to buy it, but the land was usually poor.


Indentured workers could marry with their master's permission. A bastard child, even if the Master's, could be sold off for up to 31 years and taken from the mother, who would receive 5 more years added to her indentureship for having it. If families came together, any members who died during the voyage must have their indentureships served by the surviving members. Furthermore, families were often separated. Those for sale could be made to strip naked, and have every part of their bodies examined like a piece of livestock. Once paid for, they must do whatever task the master asked. Punishments for servants were identical to those of slaves.


The original blacks sold at Jamestown were not slaves but indentured servants and many freed after a year because Virginia had no slave laws. It was only following Bacon's Rebellion that the first slave laws were enacted, and then made Masters financially responsible for any crimes or damages by the former slave once freed. It was more economical to keep them for life.

Africa[edit]

A significant number of construction projects in British East Africa and South Africa, required vast quantities of labor, exceeding the availability or willingness of local tribesmen. Indentured Indians from India were imported, for such projects as the Uganda Railway, as farm labor, and as miners. They and their descendants formed a significant portion of the population and economy of Kenya and Uganda, although not without engendering resentment from others. Idi Amin's expulsion of the "Asians" from Uganda in 1972 was an expulsion of Indo-Africans.[52]


The majority of the population of Mauritius are descendants of Indian indentured labourers brought in between 1834 and 1921. Initially brought to work the sugar estates following the abolition of slavery in the British Empire an estimated half a million indentured laborers were present on the island during this period. Aapravasi Ghat, in the bay at Port Louis and now a UNESCO site, was the first British colony to serve as a major reception centre for indentured Indians from India who came to work on plantations following the abolition of slavery.[53]

Legal status[edit]

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948) declares in Article 4 "No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms".[54] More specifically, it is dealt with by article 1(a) of the United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery.


However, only national legislation can establish the unlawfulness of indentured labor in a specific jurisdiction. In the United States, the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (VTVPA) of 2000 extended servitude to cover peonage as well as Involuntary Servitude.[55]

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Barbados Side-by-Side Transcription

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Handler, Jerome S.; Reilly, Matthew C. (2017). . New West Indian Guide. 91 (1/2): 30–55. doi:10.1163/22134360-09101056. JSTOR 26552068. S2CID 164512540.

"Contesting 'White Slavery' in the Caribbean: Enslaved Africans and European Indentured Servants in Seventeenth-Century Barbados"

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Shaw, Jenny (2013). Everyday Life in the Early English Caribbean: Irish, Africans, and the Construction of Difference. University of Georgia Press.  978-0-8203-4634-2. OCLC 864551346.

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Tomlins, Christopher (2001). "Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775". Labor History. 42 (1): 5–43. :10.1080/00236560123269. S2CID 153628561.

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"Migration and Human Capital: Self-Selection of Indentured Servants to the Americas"

Ballagh, James Curtis. White Servitude In The Colony Of Virginia: A Study Of The System Of Indentured Labor In The American Colonies (1895)

excerpt and text search

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online review

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ISBN

Torabully, Khal, Voices from the Aapravasi Ghat – Indentured imaginaries, poetry collection on the coolie route and the fakir's aesthetics, Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund, AGTF, Mauritius, November 2, 2013.

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Zipf, Karin L. Labor of Innocents: Forced Apprenticeship in North Carolina, 1715–1919 (2005).

GUIANA 1838 – a film about indentured laborers

Voices from the Aapravasi Ghat, Khal TOrabully,

Potomitan - Voices from the Aapravasi Ghat