Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution (Indonesian: Revolusi Nasional Indonesia, Dutch: Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog) also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.[14]
For the violent revolution and unrest in 1998, see May 1998 riots of Indonesia.
The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the United States threatening to cut off all economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts to the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia.[15]
The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, except for New Guinea. It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers (raja). It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortunes of the majority of the population, although a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce.[16]
Dutch apologies[edit]
In 2013, the Netherlands government apologised for the violence used against the Indonesian people.[108] In 2016, Dutch Foreign Minister Bert Koenders apologized for a massacre by Dutch troops of 400 Indonesian villagers in 1947.[109] During a state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King Willem-Alexander made a surprise apology for "excessive violence" by Dutch troops.[109]
On 17 February 2022, a major Dutch historical review was released, titled Independence, Decolonization, Violence and War in Indonesia, 1945–1950. The research was done by three institutions: Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), Netherlands Institute for Military History (NIMH) and NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies.[110][111] The review concluded that the Netherlands had used systematic and excessive violence during the war. According to the review, "The use of extreme violence by the Dutch armed forces was not only widespread, but often deliberate, too" and "was condoned at every level: political, military and legal." On the same day, the Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte apologized for the atrocities committed by the Dutch during the war and also for the failure of past Dutch governments to acknowledge it.[109]
Independence Day (Indonesia)
List of high-ranking commanders of the Indonesian National Revolution
Timeline of the Indonesian National Revolution
United Nations Commission for Indonesia
Revolusi
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Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 0-8014-9108-8.
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Kahin, George McTurnan (1980). (PDF). Indonesia. 30 (30). Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University: 113–120. doi:10.2307/3350997. hdl:1813/53609. JSTOR 3350997.
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Lockwood, Rupert (1975). Black Armada: Australia and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence 1942–49. Australasian Book Society.
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Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2005). Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol I (1945) (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 978-9799023292.
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Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2005). Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol II (1946) (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 978-9799023308.
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Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2005). Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol III (1947) (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 978-9799023469.
ISBN
Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2014). Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol IV (1948) (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 978-9799106896.
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Reid, Anthony (1974). The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950. Melbourne: Longman. 0-582-71046-4.
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Reid, Anthony (1981). "Indonesia: revolution without socialism". In Jeffrey, Robin (ed.). Asia: the Winning of Independence. Macmillan. pp. 113–162. 978-0333278574.
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Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. 1349227005.
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Said, H. Mohammed (1973). (PDF). Indonesia. 15 (April 1973). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 145–186. doi:10.2307/3350795. hdl:1813/53556. JSTOR 3350795.
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"Stichting 1945–1950 Ubachsberg"
Stoler, Ann (1985). Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870–1979. New Haven: Yale University Press. 978-0472082193.
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; Adams, Cindy (1965). Sukarno: An Autobiography. Bobbs-Merrill.
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Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and History. Yale University Press. p. 325. 0-300-10518-5.
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Tjandraningsih, Christine T. (19 August 2011). . Japan Times. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
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Vandenbosch, Amry (1931). "Nationalism in Netherlands East India". Pacific Affairs. 4 (12). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia: 1051–1069. :10.2307/2750579. JSTOR 2750579.
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Vickers, Adrian (2005). . New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–112. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
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Anderson, Ben (1972). . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0687-0.
Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946
Cribb, Robert (1991). Gangster and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution 1945–1949. Sydney, Australia: ASSA Southeast Asian Publications Series – Allen and Unwin. 0-04-301296-5.
ISBN
Drooglever, P. J.; Schouten, M. J. B.; Lohanda, Mona (1999). Guide to the Archives on Relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia 1945–1963. , Netherlands: ING Research Guide.
The Hague
George, Margaret (1980). Australia and the Indonesian Revolution. Melbourne University Press. 0-522-84209-7.
ISBN
(1979). De Politionele Acties (in Dutch). Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.
Heijboer, Pierre
Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt "Operaties in de Oost: de Koninklijke Marine in de Indische archipel (1945–1951)" (Amsterdam 2003).
Ide Anak Agug Gde Agung (1996) (translated to English by Linda Owens)From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia 979-461-216-2 (Original edition Dari Negara Indonesia Timur ke Republic Indonesia Serikat 1985 Gadjah Mada University Press)
ISBN
Jong, L. de (1988). Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, deel 12, Sdu, 's-Gravenhage (an authoritative standard text on both the political and military aspects, in Dutch)
Kahin, Audrey (1995). Regional Dynamics of the Indonesian Revolution. University of Hawaii Press. 0-8248-0982-3.
ISBN
Kodam VI/Siliwang (1968). Siliwangi dari masa kemasa (in Indonesian). Fakta Mahjuma.
Lucas, A. (1991). One Soul One Struggle. Region and Revolution in Indonesia. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 0-04-442249-0.
ISBN
Payne, Robert (1947). The Revolt In Asia. New York: John Day.
Poeze, Harry A. (2007). Verguisd en vergeten. Tan Malaka, de linkse beweging en de Indonesische Revolutie 1945–1949. KITLV. p. 2200. 978-90-6718-258-4.
ISBN
(1960). Indonesian Independence and the United Nations. London: Stevens & Sons. ASIN B0007ECTIA.
Taylor, Alastair M.
Yong Mun Cheong (2004). The Indonesian Revolution and the Singapore Connection, 1945–1949. , Netherlands: KITLV Press. ISBN 90-6718-206-0.
Leiden
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Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines
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Radio address by Queen Wilhelmina on 7 December 1942
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Dutch Proposals for Indonesian Settlement 6 November 1945
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Dutch Proposals for Indonesian Settlement 10 Feb 1946
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Text of the Linggadjati Agreement 10 Feb 1946
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The Renville Political Principles 17 January 1948
Media related to Indonesian Revolution at Wikimedia Commons