Katana VentraIP

Iraqi chemical weapons program

In violation of the Geneva Protocol of 1925, the Iraqi Army initiated two failed (1970–1974, 1974–1978) and one successful (1978–1991) offensive chemical weapons (CW) programs.[1] President Saddam Hussein (1937–2006) pursued the most extensive chemical program during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), when he waged chemical warfare against his foe. He also used chemicals in 1988 in the Al-Anfal Campaign against his civilian Kurdish population and during a popular uprising in the south in 1991.

Although efforts to acquire chemical weapons dated back to the early 1960s (pre-dating Hussein's regime), the Iraqis did not have stockpiles at the outbreak of the war with Iran in 1980. But in time, they began to develop an intensive research program to produce and store chemical weapons and used the war fields to test and perfect their chemical warfare prowess. Thus, as the war continued, Iraq's chemical warfare program expanded rapidly.


According to Iraq, while the majority of its mustard gas was of 90–95% purity, it struggled to consistently produce nerve agents of high purity. The average purity of its tabun was 50–60%; production of it was abandoned in 1986 in favor of concentrating on sarin. The average quality of sarin and related products was in the range of 45–60%—sufficient for battlefield use in the Iran–Iraq War, but not for long-term storage. Efforts after the Iran–Iraq War to develop VX were relatively unsuccessful, with purity of 18–41% considered insufficient for weaponization.[2]


Iraq's biological warfare development pursued a similar course, but by the time Iraqis were testing biological warheads (containing anthrax and botulinum toxin) in Iraq's deserts, the war had come to an end.[3]

Phase 1: January 1981 to June 1983, Iraq started testing chemical weapons.

Phase 2: August 1983 to December 1983, chemical weapons were used to a limited extent.

Phase 3: February 1984 to the end of the war, chemical weapons were used extensively.

March 1991: – Karbala area – Nerve agent & CS, Shi'a casualties not known.

an-Najaf

Alleged British use of chemical weapons in Mesopotamia in 1920

Chemical Weapons Convention#Iraqi stockpile

Iraqi biological weapons program

Iraq and weapons of mass destruction

Iraq chemical attacks against Iran

Various articles listed in

Category:Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War

The Dark Pictures Anthology: House of Ashes