J. Michael Bailey
John Michael Bailey (born July 2, 1957) is an American psychologist, behavioral geneticist, and professor at Northwestern University best known for his work on the etiology of sexual orientation and paraphilia. He maintains that male sexual orientation is most likely established in utero.[2][3][4]
J. Michael Bailey
Bailey wrote The Man Who Would Be Queen, a book about male sexual orientation and Blanchard's typology of transgender women, which generated significant controversy.[5][6]
Education and career[edit]
Bailey was born in Lubbock, Texas.[7] He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Washington University in St. Louis in 1979 and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1989, where he studied under behavioral genetics researcher Lee Willerman.[8]
Bailey became a professor at Northwestern University in 1989. In the 1990s, Bailey published several papers that suggested a heritable component for sexual orientation. In 2003 he published The Man Who Would Be Queen.
In October 2004, Bailey stepped down as chairman of the Psychology Department, but continued to serve as a Northwestern professor.[9][10]
In 2018, Bailey invited controversial evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa to Northwestern University as a visiting scholar.[11][12] Many at the university protested, and more than 4,000 signed a petition in opposition to Kanazawa doing research there due to Kanazawa's claims regarding sexuality, race, religion, and feminism.[11][12]
In December 2003, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reported that J. Michael Bailey and Ray Blanchard were associated with far-right blogger Steve Sailer's Human Biodiversity Institute.[13] In October 2018, the SPLC reported that Bailey and Blanchard had written an article for 4thWaveNow, which the SPLC characterizes as an anti-trans website in support of the controversial concept of "rapid-onset gender dysphoria".[14][15]
Research and views[edit]
Bailey's dissertation research tested Günter Dörner's hypothesis that prenatal stress may cause homosexuality in male offspring, for which he failed to find evidence.[16]: 104–106 [17]: 82 In later research he also examined the phenomenon known as gaydar with Gerulf Rieger.[18][19]
Bailey carried out early twin studies on homosexuality, finding higher rates of concordance for sexual orientation in identical twins than fraternal twins, suggesting genes or shared prenatal environment have influence on sexual orientation.[17]: 88
Bailey has argued that male sexual orientation appears unaffected by socialization. Bailey has written about cases of typical boys, including David Reimer, who were surgically reassigned and raised as girls from infancy, yet grew up to be attracted to females.[16]: 44–54 [20] In a 2016 review, Bailey reported on seven total cases of boys who were reared as girls, and all were strongly attracted to females.[3]: 72–74 [20] Bailey et al. describe this as a "near perfect quasi experiment" testing nature versus nurture on male sexual orientation.[3]: 72–74 [20]
Much of Bailey's research has examined sexual arousal patterns and their relation to sexual orientation in men and women. This research has focused on both genital and self-reported sexual arousal measures. For example, Bailey's lab showed that men's genital sexual arousal patterns closely tracked their sexual orientations, but women's did not.[21]
In 2005, an arousal study by Bailey's lab found in a sample of bisexual identified males, "Men who reported bisexual feelings did not show any evidence of a distinctively bisexual pattern of genital arousal".[22]: 582 The study was met with critique by the National LGBTQ Task Force and FAIR for its methodology and sampling.[23][24] Bailey told The New York Times, "I'm not denying that bisexual behavior exists, but I am saying that in men there's no hint that true bisexual arousal exists, and that for men arousal is orientation".[25] Bailey was later approached by John Sylla from the American Institute of Bisexuality, who provided funding for a 2011 study,[26] which filtered participants more stringently, requiring at least two sexual partners of each sex and at least one romantic relationship lasting three months or longer; this study found both genital and subjective arousal.[27][26][28] In 2020, a research team including Bailey combined a much larger data set of around 500 men, and concluded that male sexuality exists along a continuum from heterosexuality, to bisexuality, to homosexuality, after finding genital arousal measurements generally matched self-identification with bisexuality.[29]
Bailey's sexual arousal work was criticized by The Washington Times and some socially conservative commentators as prurient and a waste of taxpayer dollars.[30] In response, Bailey and his defenders have said that studying sexual arousal patterns is important in understanding human sexuality, especially sexual orientation.[31][32] Bailey's lab has also studied sexual orientation and sexual arousal using fMRI.[33]
In 2023, Springer retracted a paper co-authored by Bailey [34] on the rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) hypothesis "due to concerns about lack of informed consent", which had been published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior.[35] The paper described ROGD as a controversial theory that "common cultural beliefs, values, and preoccupations cause some adolescents (especially female adolescents) to attribute their social problems, feelings, and mental health issues to gender dysphoria," and that "youth with ROGD falsely believe that they are transgender".[35] The retraction followed an open letter signed by a number of researchers and LGBTQ organizations criticizing the journals publication of the paper, stating that Bailey's paper did not have institutional review board (IRB) approval, and requested the journal's editor Kenneth Zucker be replaced.[36] Critics also argued that the paper disregarded countervailing evidence and was based upon an unrepresentative sample of participants.[35]
Appearances in news media[edit]
Features on homosexuality[edit]
Bailey and his work were featured prominently in a Boston Globe story by Neil Swidey entitled "What Makes People Gay?"[48] That story was included in the 2006 volume of "The Best American Science Writing."[49]
Bailey and his lab were also prominent in the CBS News 60 Minutes story "Gay or Straight?,"[50] which first aired on March 12, 2006 and was the most popular news story on the CBS News website the following week.[51] Author David Ehrenstein, writing for The Advocate, said the show was "replete with the sort of clichés about gay men and effeminacy that haven't been seen in a network news context since the 1967 CBS broadcast The Homosexuals."[52] The producer of the "Gay or Straight" segment responded with a defense of the segment and of Bailey's work.[53]
"Fucksaw" incident[edit]
In 2011, Bailey's human sexuality class at Northwestern made the headlines of major news organizations after he allowed a female guest speaker and her male partner to perform a live mechanized sex toy demonstration using a "fucksaw"[54][55]—a modified reciprocating saw[56] converted into a sex toy by attaching a "phallic object" instead of a blade[57][58]—to bring the woman to orgasm in front of the audience.[55][56] Students were advised beforehand of the nature of the demonstration in this optional after-class event on kinky sex and female orgasm.[57][58]
After the demonstration, Northwestern University President Morton Schapiro criticized Bailey for "extremely poor judgment" and launched an investigation.[55][59] Bailey at first defended the demonstration, saying that students found lectures featuring guest speakers valuable, but subsequently issued an apology, saying he regretted the upset caused and its effect on the university's reputation.[57] He said there would be no repeats,[57] but maintained that the demonstration had been relevant to the topic of his course, and said that the students who chose to attend were over 18, "legally capable of voting, enlisting in the military, and consuming pornography", and contended that the criticism he had received was poorly reasoned.[57]
The response among academics was mixed. Joseph Epstein criticized Bailey's class as failing academic standards in a long piece for The Weekly Standard, and compared Bailey to a pimp.[60] Laurie Essig, writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, thought that the incident "triggered a national conversation about what we can and cannot look at".[61] In a web-only feature for Esquire, Bailey's former research assistant Paul Schrodt defended his teaching and research methods.[62] Alice Dreger also defended Bailey's class as being of high quality in general, but agreed with Schapiro that the demonstration "was a case of poor judgment, because it wasn't worth it".[63]
In response to the incident, Northwestern administrators removed Bailey's human sexuality course from the following year's curriculum.[64] A year later, Northwestern reintroduced a somewhat differently themed sexuality class taught by Lane Fenrich.[65]