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Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans (Japanese: 日系アメリカ人) are Americans of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in ranking to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 1,469,637, including those of partial ancestry.[5]

For the miniseries, see Japanese Americans (miniseries).

According to the 2010 census, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 272,528, Hawaii with 185,502, New York with 37,780, Washington with 35,008, Illinois with 17,542 and Ohio with 16,995.[6] Southern California has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of Gardena holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states.[7]

Cultural profile[edit]

Generations[edit]

The nomenclature for each of their generations who are citizens or long-term residents of countries other than Japan, used by Japanese Americans and other nationals of Japanese descent are explained here; they are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation (sei 世). The Japanese American communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like Issei, Nisei, and Sansei, which describe the first, second, and third generations of immigrants. The fourth generation is called Yonsei (四世), and the fifth is called Gosei (五世). The term Nikkei (日系) encompasses Japanese immigrants in all countries and of all generations.

Cuisine[edit]

Circa 2016, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) calculated that people of Japanese ancestry operated about 10% of the Japanese restaurants in the United States; this was because salaries were relatively high in Japan and few cooks of Japanese cuisine had motivations to move to the United States. This meant Americans and immigrants of other ethnic origins, including Chinese Americans, opened restaurants serving Japanese style cuisine.[41]

Genetics[edit]

Risk for inherited diseases[edit]

Studies have looked into the risk factors that are more prone to Japanese Americans, specifically in hundreds of family generations of Nisei (The generation of people born in North America, Philippines, Latin America, Hawaii, or any country outside Japan either to at least one Issei or one non-immigrant Japanese parent) second-generation pro-bands (A person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family, used in medicine and psychiatry). The risk factors for genetic diseases in Japanese Americans include coronary heart disease and diabetes. One study, called the Japanese American Community Diabetes Study that started in 1994 and went through 2003, involved the pro-bands taking part to test whether the increased risk of diabetes among Japanese Americans is due to the effects of Japanese Americans having a more westernized lifestyle due to the many differences between the United States of America and Japan. One of the main goals of the study was to create an archive of DNA samples which could be used to identify which diseases are more susceptible in Japanese Americans.


Concerns with these studies of the risks of inherited diseases in Japanese Americans is that information pertaining to the genetic relationship may not be consistent with the reported biological family information given of Nisei second generation pro-bands.[42] Also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein E genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4) and was determined from research because of its known association with increased cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese Americans. Specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer's disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary heart disease in Japanese American men with a mutation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene despite having increased levels of HDL. By definition, HDL are plasma high density lipoproteins that show a genetic relationship with coronary heart disease (CHD). The cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) helps the transfer of cholesterol esters from lipoproteins to other lipoproteins in the human body. It plays a fundamental role in the reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver, which is why a mutation in this can lead to coronary heart disease.


Studies have shown that the CETP is linked to increased HDL levels. There is a very common pattern of two different cholesterol ester transfer protein gene mutations (D442G, 5.1%; intron 14G:A, 0.5%) found in about 3,469 Japanese American men. This was based on a program called the Honolulu Heart Program. The mutations correlated with decreased CETP levels (-35%) and increased HDL cholesterol levels (+10% for D442G). The relative risk of CHD was 1.43 in men with mutations (P<0.05), and after research found for CHD risk factors, the relative risk went up to 1.55 (P=0.02); after further adjustments for HDL levels, the relative risk went up again to 1.68 (P=0.008). Genetic CETP deficiency is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, which is due mainly to increased CHD risks in Japanese American men with the D442G mutation and lipoprotein cholesterol levels between 41 and 60 mg/dl.[43] With research and investigations, the possibility of finding "bad genes" denounces the Japanese Americans and will be associated only with Japanese American ancestry, leading to other issues the Japanese Americans had to deal with in the past such as discrimination and prejudice.[44]

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Hawaii

In 2010 produced a five-part, ten-hour fictional Japanese language miniseries, Japanese Americans. This featured many of the major events and themes of the Issei and Nisei experience, including emigration, racism, picture brides, farming, pressure due to the China and Pacific wars, internment, a key character who serves in the 442nd, and the ongoing redefinition in identity of what it means to be Japanese and American.[88]

TBS

(Young Buddhist Association & Buddhist Women's Association)

Buddhist Churches of America

Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii

& Soto Zen Buddhist Association

Zenshuji Soto Misson

Midwest Buddhist Temple Ginza Holiday Festival

San Francisco Peace Pagoda

List of Shinto shrines in the United States

Gedatsu Church of America

Chicago Shimpo

Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)

Go for Broke Monument

Japanese American Citizens League

Japanese American National Library

Japanese American National Museum

Japanese American service in World War II

442nd Infantry Regiment

List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II

(San Francisco)

Japanese Community Youth Council

Japanese in Chicago

Japanese in Hawaii

Japanese in Los Angeles

Japanese in New York City

Japanese in Texas

Japanese Argentines

Japanese Brazilians

Japanese Chileans

Japanese Colombians

Japanese Mexicans

Japanese Peruvians

Japanese Filipinos

Japanese Canadians

Japanese Australians

Japanese New Zealanders

Japanese in the United Kingdom

Americans in Japan

Ōbeikei Islanders

Model minority

Nisei Baseball Research Project

Pacific Movement of the Eastern World

Japan–United States relations

. (Archive) State of California.

"Japanese Americans"

Japanese American National Museum

Archived February 16, 2019, at the Wayback Machine in Washington, DC

Embassy of Japan

Japanese American Citizens League

Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii

of Northern California

Japanese Cultural & Community Center

of Southern California

Japanese American Community and Cultural Center

Japanese American Historical Society

Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project

of San Jose, California

Japanese American Museum

Japanese American Network

Japanese-American's own companies in USA

Archived November 25, 2002, at the Wayback Machine

Japanese American Relocation Digital Archives

Online Archive of the Japanese American Relocation during World War II

in Florida

Photo Exhibit of Japanese American community

Nikkei Federation

Discover Nikkei

Summary of a panel discussion on changing Japanese American identities

Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

The War: Fighting for Democracy: Japanese Americans

"The War Relocation Centers of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger than Justice", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

U.S. Government interned Japanese from Latin America

Short radio episode from "Lil' Yokohama" by Toshio Mori, 1941. California Legacy Project.

Baseball

– University of Washington Digital Collections

American Life in the 20th Century in Washington State