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Jingpo language

Jinghpaw (Jinghpaw ga, Jìngphòʔ gà, ဈိာင်ဖေါစ်) or Kachin (Burmese: ကချင်ဘာသာ, [kətɕɪ̀ɰ̃ bàðà]) is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Sal branch spoken primarily in Kachin State, Myanmar; Northeast India; and Yunnan, China. The Jinghpaw(or Kachin) peoples, a confederation of several ethnic groups who live in the Kachin Hills, are the primary speakers of Jinghpaw language,[2] numbering approximately 625,000 speakers.[3] The term "Kachin language" may refer to the Jinghpaw language or any of the other languages spoken by the Jinghpaw peoples, such as Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhawo Vo, and Achang. These languages are from distinct branches of the highest level of the Tibeto-Burman family.

Jinghpaw

tɕiŋ˧˩pʰɔʔ˧˩

Myanmar, China, India

Kachin State, Yingjiang County

Jinghpaw

(c. 940,000 cited 1999–2001)[1]

Sino-Tibetan
  • Jinghpaw

Latin

kac

Variously:
kac – Jinghpaw
sgp – Singpho
tcl – Taman

jing1260

Jinghpaw is written using a modified Latin alphabet; a Burmese alphabet is used by some speakers, but it has largely been phased out. Jinghpaw syllable finals can consist of vowels, nasals, or oral stops.


The Turung of Assam in India speak a Jingpo dialect with many Assamese loanwords, called Singpho, which shares 50% lexical similarity with Jinghpaw.[4]

Standard Jingpo is the standard variety of Jingpo as used among the in Myanmar, as well as by non-Kachin ethnic minorities in Kachin State. Most speakers live in Kachin State, though some live in Shan State and Sagaing Division. It is spoken primarily in Myitkyina, Bhamo, and Kutkai. Younger generations tend to pronounce /ts/ and /dz/ as [s] and [z], contrasting them with /s/ ([sʰ]). Standard Jingpo as spoken in Shan State often has ʔə- added to monosyllabic words, and also places the interrogative particle ʔi before verbs.

Kachin people

Nkhum / Enkun 恩昆 (n̩˧˩kʰum˧ ka˧˩) is spoken in , Ruili, Longchuan, and Luxi counties of Yunnan, China.[8] It is the most widely spoken Jingpo dialect in China. The Nkhum dialect displays tense-lax register contrast, whereas Shadan does not. Although the Shadan dialect frequently has -ŋ, Nkhum often does not. The Tongbiguan 铜壁关 variety of Nkhum is used as the Jingpo standard variety in China. Small pockets of speakers are also found in Gengma County.[9]

Lianghe

Shadan / Shidan 石丹 (ʃă˩tan˧˩ ka˧˩; ʃă˩tam˧˩ ka˧˩) is spoken in Yunnan, China.[8] It is spoken in the townships of Kachang 卡昌 and Taiping 太平 (in Getong 格同 of Mengzhi 蒙支, Zhengtonghong 正通硔,[11] and Longpen 龙盆[12]), located in Yingjiang County 盈江县.

[10]

Gauri / Khauri (kau˧ʒi˧˩ ka˧˩) is spoken in the Gauri Hills, located to the east of Bhamo. Villages include Prang Hkudung, Man Dau, Hkarawm Kawng, Manda, Ka Daw, Lamai Bang, Bum Wa, Ma Htang, Jahkai, and Loi Ming. In China, Gauri is spoken by about 300 people in Hedao 贺岛 and Hongka 硔卡 villages of Longchuan County, and in Kachang 卡场镇 of Yingjiang County.

[10]

Mengzhi 蒙支 (muŋ˧˩tʃi˧˩ ka˧˩) is spoken by about 200 people in the two villages of Getong 格同 and Zhengtongyou 正通猶 in Mengzhi 蒙支, 盈江县.[10]

Yingjiang County

Thingnai is spoken near , southern Kachin State.

Mohnyin

/h/ is only marginal and often appears in loanwords.

/ɻ/ can also be heard as a fricative [ʐ].

Vocabulary[edit]

The Jingpo lexicon contains a large number of words of both Tibeto-Burman and non-Tibeto-Burman stock, including Burmese and Shan.[20] Burmese loan words reflect two stratas, an older stratum reflecting the phonology of conservative written Burmese, and a newer stratum reflecting words drawn from modern Burmese phonology.[20] The older strata consist of vocabulary borrowed from Burmese via Shan, which also exhibits the pre-modern phonology of Burmese vocabulary.[20] Jingpo has also borrowed a large number of lexical items from Shan, with which it has been in close ethnolinguistic contact for several centuries.[21] Jingpo, as the lingua franca in the northern highlands of Myanmar, has in turn been the source language of vocabulary into other regional languages like Rawang and Zaiwa.[20]

ဗ – b – [b]

ပ – p – [p]

ဖ – hp – [pʰ]

မ – m – [m]

ဝ – w – [w]

ဒ – d – [d]

တ – t – [t]

ထ – ht – [tʰ]

န – n – [n]

ည – ny – [nʲ]

စ – s – [s~sʰ]

ၡ – sh – [ɕ]

ရ – r – [ɻ~ʒ]

လ – l – [l]

ယ – y – [j]

ဇ – z – [t͡s]

ဆ – ts – [t͡sʰ]

ချ – ch – [t͡ɕ]

ဂျ – j – [d͡ʑ]

ဂ – g – [g]

က – k – [k]

ခ – hk – [kʰ]

င – ng – [ŋ]

ဟ – h – [h]

အ – ' – [ʔ]

景颇语-汉语词典 Jingpoyu – Hanyu cidian / Jingpo–Chinese dictionary, 戴庆夏 Dai Qingxia et al.

景颇语语法 Jingpoyu yufa / Jingpo Grammar, 戴庆夏 Dai Qingxia et al.

Structures élémentaires de la parenté, de , devotes a chapter to the study of parenthood in the Jingpo ethnicity.

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Inglish, Douglas. 2005. . Payap University, Graduate School, Linguistics Department.

A Preliminary Ngochang – Kachin – English Lexicon

Kurabe, Keita. 2014. "Phonological inventories of seven Jingpoish languages and dialects." In Kyoto University Linguistic Research 33: 57–88, Dec 2014.

Kurabe, Keita. 2013. Kachin folktales told in Jinghpaw. Collection KK1 at catalog.paradisec.org.au [Open Access].

https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/72/59888e8ab2122

Kurabe, Keita. 2017. Kachin culture and history told in Jinghpaw. Collection KK2 at catalog.paradisec.org.au [Open Access].

https://dx.doi.org/10.26278/5fa1707c5e77c

Glottolog | Jingpo

[2]

Ethnologue | Jingpo

[3]

OLAC resources | Kachin

[4]

PARADISEC | Kachin folktales told in Jinghpaw

[5]

PARADISEC | Kachin culture and history told in Jinghpaw

[6]

(Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Jinghpaw, 1957) digitized by Richard Mammana

Akyu Hpyi Laika: Jinghpaw Service Book