Johor Sultanate
The Johor Sultanate (Malay: Kesultanan Johor or کسلطانن جوهر; also called the Sultanate of Johor, Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga, or the Johor Empire) was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.
For the modern state of Malaysia, see Johor, and for its ruler, see Sultan of Johor.
Johor Sultanateکسلطانن جوهر
Kesultanan Johor
Kesultanan Johor
Rump state of the Malaccan Sultanate
- Pekan Tua (now Sungai Telur, Kota Tinggi)
- (c. 1528–1530s)
- Kota Kara, Bintan
- (1530s–1536)
- Sayong Pinang
- (1536–1540)
- Johor Lama
- (1540–1564)
- (1571–1587)
- Bukit Seluyut
- (1564–1570)
- Batu Sawar
- (1587–1617)
- (1640–1675)
- Bintan
- (1617–1618)
- Lingga
- (1618–1625)
- (1812–1824)
- Tambelan Islands
- (1623–1641)
- Kota Tinggi
- (1641–1642)
- (1688–1699)
- Tanjung Pinang, Bintan, Riau
- (1680–1688)
- (1708–1715)
- (1720–1788)
- Panchor
- (1700–1708)
- (1715–1720)
- Kuala Pahang
- (1720)
- Pekan
- (1675–1680)
- (1788–1795)
- Daik, Lingga
- (1795–1819)
- Singapore
- (1819–1824)
Alauddin Riayat Shah II (first)
Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah (last official sultan)
Ali Iskandar Shah (last sultan of Johor Sultanate)
Tun Khoja Ahmad (first)
Tun Ali (last)
Tin ingot, native gold and silver coins
Prior to being a sultanate of its own right, Johor had been part of the Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese captured its capital in 1511. At its height, the sultanate controlled territory in what is now modern-day Johor, Pahang, Terengganu, territories stretching from the rivers of Klang to the Linggi and Tanjung Tuan, situated respectively in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca (as an exclave), Singapore, Pulau Tinggi and other islands off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, the Karimun Islands, the islands of Bintan, Bulang, Lingga and Bunguran, and Bengkalis, Kampar and Siak in Sumatra.[2]
During the colonial era, the mainland part was administered by the British, and the insular part by the Dutch, thus breaking up the sultanate into Johor and Riau. In 1946, the British section became part of the Malayan Union. Two years later, it joined the Federation of Malaya and subsequently, the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. In 1949, the Dutch section became part of Indonesia.
State of JohorNegeri Johor
نڬري جوهر
نڬري جوهر
Independent sultanate (1886–1914)
Protectorate of the United Kingdom (1914–1942, 1945–1946)
Douglas G. Campbell
W. E. Pepys
11 December 1885
12 May 1914
31 January 1942
14 August 1945
31 March 1946
505,311[35]
Straits dollar until 1939
Malayan dollar until 1953
Extent of the sultanate[edit]
As the Johor Sultanate replaced the Malacca Sultanate, it covered most of Malacca's former territory including the southern Malay Peninsula, parts of south-eastern Sumatra and the Riau Islands and its dependencies. By 1836, Newbold writes that "Johor" occupies the territories of Muar, Batu Pahat, Pontian, Sedili and Johor Lama. Also in the early 19th century, the Tuhfat al-Nafis and the Hikayat Negeri Johor also includes Riau as part of the territory of Johor.[43] The administrative centre of the empire was at various times at Sayong Pinang, Kota Kara, Seluyut, Johor Lama, Batu Sawar and Kota Tinggi; all on mainland Johor and later at Riau and Lingga. It then shifted with the birth of the modern Johor Sultanate to Tanjung Puteri, known today as Johor Bahru.