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Legal protection of access to abortion

Governments sometimes take measures designed to afford legal protection of access to abortion. Such legislation often seeks to guard facilities which provide induced abortion against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment (see sidewalk interference).

Another form such legislation sometimes takes is in the creation of a perimeter around an abortion facility, known variously as a "safe access zone", "access zone", "buffer zone" or "bubble zone". This area is intended to limit how close to these facilities demonstration by those who oppose abortion can approach. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending upon the law, or are prohibited altogether. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff.


Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.[1]

Laws in Australia[edit]

Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia,[2] Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland are the states and territories in Australia where buffer zones exist.[3] The Australian Capital Territory has a buffer zone of only 50 m that has to be approved by the ACT health minister.[4][5][6]


Tasmania was the first state or territory to enforce buffer zones. In 2013, the Tasmanian Parliament passed the Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act which enforces 'access zones' of a radius of 150 metres from premises at which abortions are provided.[7] Behaviour prohibited within access zones includes: besetting, harassing, intimidating, interfering with, threatening, hindering, obstructing or impeding a person; protests in relation to terminations that are able to be seen or heard by a person accessing a clinic; footpath interference; and intentionally recording a person accessing a clinic without their consent.[7] The laws, in particular, the recent regulations passed by the NSW parliament in June 2018, were opposed by "sidewalk counsellors" who are "known to stand outside clinics with the intention of changing the minds of women entering the clinics".[8]


In November 2015, Victoria became the second state to pass legislation to limit protests outside abortion clinics[9] and 150 metre buffer zones are now enforced. Prior to this, in 2005, the Australian Democrats proposed a law to create buffer zones around clinics in Victoria.[10] However, these attempts were unsuccessful as buffer zones were not included in Victoria's Public Health and Wellbeing Act.[11]


On 12 August 2021,[12] Western Australia became the final state or territory to legislate "safe access zones" after passing the Public Health Amendment (Safe Access Zones) Bill[13] (Assent date 17 August 2021).

: 10-metre fixed buffer zone around a doctor's office, 50 metre fixed buffer zone around a hospital or clinic, and 160-metre fixed buffer zone around an abortion provider or clinic worker's home. The Access to Abortion Services Act, enacted in 1995, refers to this area as an "access zone". It prohibits protesting, sidewalk counseling, intimidation of or physical interference with abortion providers or their patients inside of this space. The provisions against protesting and sidewalk counselling were repealed on January 23, 1996, as violating the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but were both restored in October of the same year.

British Columbia

: 50-metre fixed buffer zone around clinics that perform abortions; variable buffer zones of up to 150 metres granted upon application to hospitals, pharmacies and other health facilities.[14] The Safe Access to Abortion Services Act, 2017 prohibits protesting, sidewalk counseling, intimidation, physical interference, and recording or photographing patients and employees within buffer zones.[15]

Ontario

Quebec: 50-metre fixed buffer zone around any clinic, hospital or drugstore that perform abortions. It prohibits interfering with the operations of the abortion provider, sidewalk counselling and intimidation.

[16]

Several "buffer zone" laws have been enacted within Canada. At least three of the country's provinces and territories have passed laws intended to protect medical facilities that provide induced abortion:


Access zone legislation has also been passed at the level of local government in Canada:

Law in South Africa[edit]

In South Africa, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act prohibits anyone from "preventing the lawful termination of a pregnancy" or "obstructing access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy", imposing a penalty of up to ten years' imprisonment.[20]

Law in New Zealand[edit]

In New Zealand, the Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion (Safe Areas) Amendment Act 2022 means a safe access zone may be created around an abortion facility. Within the safe zone, protestors may not obstruct access or make a visual recording of another person.[21]

11 states make it illegal to the entrance to a clinic: California, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oregon and Washington.

obstruct

Six states prohibit making threats toward a clinic's staff or patients: California, , New York, North Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin. Two states, Maine and Washington, also ban harassment by telephone.

Michigan

Four states ban to a clinic: California, Oregon, New York, and Washington.

property damage

One state, Maine, has enacted a pertaining to activity outside of a clinic, and also made it an offense to intentionally release a substance with an unpleasant odor inside of it.

noise regulation

One state, North Carolina, prohibits during a demonstration outside of a clinic.

weapon possession

Laws in the United Kingdom[edit]

In May 2023, legislation was enacted to explicitly ban protesting 150m from any hospitals, abortion clinics and/or doctors surgeries throughout both England and Wales – and also must legally provide "safe access" for women who want an abortion without being blocked, filmed, intimidated and/or harassed.[35] Members of the House of Commons voted 299 to 116 in favour of the measure.[36] Northern Ireland has also implemented laws on safe access zones within 2023.[37] Scotland in June 2024, implemented and passed a private member bill by a near unanimous vote of 118-1 that established an explicitly legally defined - “200m abortion access safety zone”, finally joining the rest of the UK. 200m is believed to be the highest level marker to ever be established within the world, on a “safe access zone” for abortion.[38][39]

Debate[edit]

Supporters of such laws claim that these zones are necessary to ensure that women have access to abortion. They argue that a buffer zone helps to prevent blockading of a clinic's entrance, to protect the safety of patients and staff, and to ensure that clients do not feel intimidated, distressed, or harassed by the presence of anti-abortion activists.[1]


Some traditional free speech advocates such as the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association have cautiously sided in favour of narrowly defined "bubble zones" around abortion clinics on the basis that patients have a medical right to privacy when receiving confidential legal medical procedures that is compromised if protesters identify patients for the purpose of publicly shaming or intimidating them.[40][41]


The American Civil Liberties Union helped enact the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act in 1994, which guarantees pedestrian access to clinics, but does not restrict related speech activity. In Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York, the ACLU filed briefs defending the constitutionality of a court order that prohibited defendants from protesting within 15 feet of clinic driveways and entrances in western New York.[42] The Supreme Court upheld the ACLU's position.


Some pro-choice activists have also argued that anyone convicted of anti-abortion violence should be permanently banned from protesting outside abortion clinics.[43] Professor Jacob M. Appel of New York University has argued that "much as we do not permit convicted pedophiles to teach kindergarten or convicted hijackers to board airplanes, common sense dictates that individuals who have been imprisoned for plotting violence against abortion clinics should never again be permitted anywhere near such facilities.".[43]


Those who oppose the creation of such legislation contend that "bubble zones", by limiting the ability to protest peacefully, represent an infringement upon their rights to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly.[24]