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Lens

A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

For other uses, see Lens (disambiguation).

Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.

f  is the (effective) focal length of the lens;

n is the of the lens material;

refractive index

R1 is the (signed, see ) radius of curvature of the lens surface closer to the light source;

below

R2 is the radius of curvature of the lens surface farther from the light source; and

d is the thickness of the lens (the distance along the lens axis between the two ).

surface vertices

(1987). Optics (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. Chapters 5 & 6.

Hecht, Eugene

Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics (4th ed.). Addison Wesley.  978-0-321-18878-6.

ISBN

Greivenkamp, John E. (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. SPIE.  978-0-8194-5294-8.

ISBN

Archived 17 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine

A chapter from an online textbook on refraction and lenses

Archived 13 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine (.pdf) on Project PHYSNET Archived 14 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

Thin Spherical Lenses

Lens article at digitalartform.com

Article on Archived 25 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine

Ancient Egyptian lenses

on YouTube

FDTD Animation of Electromagnetic Propagation through Convex Lens (on- and off-axis) Video

Archived 13 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine

The Use of Magnifying Lenses in the Classical World

Henker, Otto (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 421–427. (with 21 diagrams)

"Lens"