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Ludvig Holberg

Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 December 1684 – 28 January 1754) was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano–Norwegian dual monarchy. He was influenced by Humanism, the Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature.[3][4] He was also a prominent Neo-Latin author, known across Europe for his writing. He is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen. Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936.

Ludvig Holberg

(1684-12-03)3 December 1684
Bergen, Denmark-Norway (now Norway)

28 January 1754(1754-01-28) (aged 69)
Copenhagen, Denmark-Norway (now Denmark)

  • Writer
  • essayist
  • philosopher
  • historian
  • playwright

Studies and teaching[edit]

Holberg was the youngest of six brothers. His father, Christian Nielsen Holberg, died before Ludvig was one year old. He was educated in Copenhagen, and was a teacher at the University of Copenhagen for many years. At the same time, he started his successful career as an author, writing the first of a series of comedies.


He began to study theology at the University of Copenhagen and later taught himself law, history and language. He was not particularly interested in theology as a career, settling for an attestats (similar to a Bachelor's degree today), which gave him the right to work as a priest; he did not attempt a baccalaureus, magister or doctorate in the subject, nor did he follow a career as a theology professor, priest, or bishop. In Holberg's youth, it was common to study theology and specialize according to one's degree, for example in Greek, Latin, philosophy or history. For the purpose of becoming a lawyer, it was normal to study abroad. In 1736 the Danish Lawyer degree was established at the University of Copenhagen, a degree which continued to be granted for 200 years, and for which Holberg's writings remained common reading material throughout this time. Holberg was formally appointed assistant professor after having first worked as one without pay. He had to accept the first available position, which was teaching metaphysics. Later, he became a professor and taught rhetoric and Latin. Finally, he was given a professorship in the subject which he prized most and was most productive in, history.


Holberg was well-educated and well-traveled. In his adolescence, he visited large cities in countries such as the Netherlands and France, and lived for a short period of time in Rome; and for a longer period of time in Oxford, England (1706–1708), which was rare during that time as intellectual life was centered in continental Europe. He was not formally admitted to Oxford University, but spent his time there using the libraries and participating in Latin discussions with the English students.

Ideology[edit]

In Paris, Holberg met the Danish-born French scientist Jacob Winsløw, who was Catholic. Winsløw tried to convert Holberg, without success.[6] Holberg enjoyed the debate, but it started a rumor in Copenhagen that Holberg had converted to Catholicism as Winsløw had, and as a consequence he felt it necessary to deny this to the Danish public, giving voice to anti-Catholic views on several occasions.[7]


Holberg criticized school doctrines in Christianity, arguing that "Children must be made into men, before they can become Christians"[8] and "If one learns Theology, before learning to become a man, one will never become a man."[9]


Holberg believed in people's inner divine light of reason, and to him it was important that the first goal of education was to teach students to use their senses and intellect, instead of uselessly memorising school books. This was a new, modern understanding of the question of religion, and it shows he was a man of the Age of Enlightenment. Holberg was interested in intellect because he felt that this is what binds society together. He also wondered why there was so much evil in the world, especially when one could let reason lead the way. One could say that he distanced himself from a religious explanation of evil towards a rational/empirical train of thought, and this is important because of his status as an author; both in his time and ours.


Holberg was open to biblical criticism, and his religious representation was, for the most part, deism. He was critical of the notion of original sin, instead subscribing to the notion of man's free will.


Holberg's declared intentions with his authorship were to enlighten people to better society. This also fits in with the picture of Holberg as of the age of enlightenment. It is worth noting that Holberg enjoyed larger cities with deep culture – small cities and nature did not interest him.


Like many scholars of his time, Holberg also influenced science. Holberg's concept for science was that it should be inductive (through experience built on observations) and practical to use. One example is his Betænkning over den nu regierende Qvæg-Syge (Memorandum on the prevalent cattle disease) (1745) where he reasons that the disease is caused by microorganisms.

Finances[edit]

In youth[edit]

Holberg had to live a modest life in his youth and early adulthood. He earned a living as a tutor and as a travel companion for noblemen and tried to work as a private sports coach at the university. He received further support from a grant to travel to other universities in other countries, namely Protestant universities, but it was a condition he did not respect since he searched out those places where the discussion were the loudest and the experiences were the largest.


During his stay in England, Holberg set his eyes on academic authoring and on his return, he started writing about history. Later, he wrote also about natural and international law, possibly at the prompting of an older professor who likened him to natural and international law authors such as Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf.


To make the most possible profit, Holberg published his own works and sold them as papers under a subscription to interested people, either bound or in looseleaf sheets. Holberg also tried, with some success, a publisher in Norway. There, his book about natural and international law was printed in several editions but did not garner him financial gains.

Investments[edit]

Holberg lived modestly and was able to invest a large part of the profits from the sale of his books on the side and lend them out or invest them in more active ventures. Several times in his writings he criticized townspeople and nobles who used their resources in unproductive ways to be carried round in chairs, to live in lavish houses and waste money on luxury. He ate reasonably and did not use his money on being driven around. He said that his travelling on foot, and continued walking, was the reason he could keep his malaria, which had plagued him in the south, under control.


When he came to the conclusion he could put his money in better ventures than trading, he started investing in real estate. His first large property purchase, Brorupgaard close to Havrebjerg, happened in stages; first he lent money to the owner at that time, and later took over the farm himself.


Some years later, Holberg also purchased Tersløsegard by Dianalund, the only one of his properties which is preserved because the others in Bergen, Copenhagen and Havrebjerg have been either burned down or torn down.

, 1722 (Eng. The Political Tinker / The Pewterer turned Politician)

Den Politiske Kandestøber

, 1722 (Eng. The Waverer / The Weathercock)

Den vægelsindede

Jean de France eller Hans Frandsen, 1722 (Eng. Jean de France)

eller den forvandlede Bonde, 1722 (Eng. Jeppe of the Hill, or The Transformed Peasant)

Jeppe på bjerget

, 1722 (Eng. Gert Westphaler)

Mester Gert Westphaler

Barselstuen, 1723 (Eng. The Lying-in Room)

Den ellefte Junii, 1723 (Eng. The Eleventh of June)

eller den stortalende Soldat, 1723 (Eng. Jacob von Tyboe, or The Bragging Soldier)

Jacob von Tyboe

Ulysses von Ithacia, 1723 (Eng. Ulysses of Ithaca)

eller Rasmus Berg, 1723 (Eng. Erasmus Montanus or Rasmus Berg)

Erasmus Montanus

Don Ranudo de Colibrados, 1723

Uden Hoved og Hale, 1723 (Eng. Without Head or Tail)

, 1723 (Eng. The Fidget)

Den Stundesløse

Hexerie eller Blind Allarm, 1723 (Eng. Witchcraft or False Alert)

Melampe, 1723

, 1724 (Eng. The Happy Capsize)

Det lykkelige Skibbrud

Det Arabiske Pulver, 1724 (Eng. The Arabian Powder)

Mascarade, 1724 (Eng. Masquerade)

, 1724 (Eng. The Christmas Party)

Julestuen

De Usynlige, 1724 (Eng. The Invisible / The Masked Ladies)

Diderich Menschenskraek, 1724 (Eng. Diderich the Terrible)

Kildereisen, 1725 (Eng. The journey to the source / The source Journey)

Henrich og Pernille, 1724–1726 (Eng. Henrik and Pernille)

Den pantsatte Bondedreng, 1726 (Eng. The Pawned Farmers helper / The Peasant in Pawn)

Pernilles korte Frøkenstand, 1727 (Eng. Pernille's Brief Experience as a Lady)

Den Danske Comoedies Liigbegængelse, 1727 (Eng. Funeral of Danish Comedy)

Den honette Ambition, 1731 (Eng. The honest/honourable ambition)

Den Forvandlede Brudgom, 1753 (Eng. The Changed Bridegroom)

Plutus eller Proces imellom Fattigdom og Riigdom, publ. 1753

Husspøgelse eller Abracadabra, publ. 1753 (Eng. The house's Ghost or Abracadabra)

Philosophus udi egen Indbildning, publ. 1754

Republiqven eller det gemeene Bedste, publ. 1754

Sganarels Rejse til det philosophiske Land, publ. 1754 (Eng. Sganarel's Journey to the Land of the Philosophers)

Christian Gotlob Mengel

A primary source is Ludvig Holberg's Latin Testament. It can be recommended to use: Holberg, Ludvig, and Aage Kragelund. Ludvig Holbergs tre levnedsbreve 1728–1743. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1965. The edition contains an introduction, Holberg's texts in both Latin and Danish, commentaries and an index.

(1911). "Holberg, Ludvig Holberg, Baron" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 580–581.

Gosse, Edmund William

Thomsen, Ole B. Embedsstudiernes universitet en undersøgelse af Københavns universitets fundats af 1788 som grundlag for vores nuværende studiestruktur. København: Akademisk Forlag, 1975.  87-500-1536-2

ISBN

Grethe Ilsøe: Juridisk eksamen for ustuderede. Kollektiv biografi af 1. kandidatgeneration (eksamensårgangene 1736–65) i: Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift, 1985, nr. 2

Jens Hougaard: Ludvig Holberg. The Playwright and his age up to 1730, Odense University Press. 1993.  87-7492-881-3.

ISBN

Caterina Marrone: Le lingue utopiche, Nuovi Equilibri, Viterbo, 2004 [1995], p. 338,  88-7226-815-X

ISBN

Bent Holm: Ludvig Holberg. A Danish Playwright on the European Stage. Masquerade, Comedy, Satire. Vienna: Hollitzer, 2018.  978-3-99012-479-6.

ISBN

at Project Gutenberg

Works by Ludwig Holberg

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Ludvig Holberg

at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by Ludvig Holberg

at Archive for Danish Literature

Complete works of Ludvig Holberg (Danish originals)

at Lost Plays.com

A sound recording of Holberg's comedy The Arabian Powder

 – a Danish-Norwegian website under construction

Ludvig Holberg's writings