Male infertility

Urology

Age group 12–49 ()

Paternal age effect

an abnormal number of chromosomes

Aneuploidy

[23]

Centriole

e.g. seminoma

Neoplasm

failure

Idiopathic

Cryptorchidism

Trauma

particularly hydrocele testis

Hydrocele

in adults, and hypopituitarism untreated in children (resulting in growth hormone deficiency and proportionate dwarfism.)

Hypopituitarism

[24]

Mumps

Malaria

Testicular cancer

Defects in in some cases[25]

USP26

defects affecting egg penetration

Acrosomal

– unexplained sperm deficiencies account for 30% of male infertility.[26]

Idiopathic oligospermia

Some part of ejaculation could be lost.

Bacterial contamination could happen.

The acid vaginal pH could be deleterious for sperm motility.

Avoiding [50] as it damages sperm DNA

smoking

Avoiding heavy and alcohol use.[51]

marijuana

Avoiding excessive heat to the testes.

[51]

Maintaining optimal frequency of coital activity: sperm counts can be depressed by daily coital activity and sperm motility may be depressed by coital activity that takes place too infrequently (abstinence 10–14 days or more).[51]

[51]

Wearing a and jockstrap to protect the testicles, in any sport such as baseball, football, cricket, lacrosse, hockey, softball, paintball, rodeo, motorcross, wrestling, soccer, karate or other martial arts or any sport where a ball, foot, arm, knee or bat can come into contact with the groin.

protective cup

Diet: Healthy diets (i.e. the Mediterranean diet) rich in such nutrients as omega-3 fatty acids, some antioxidants and vitamins, and low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are inversely associated with low semen quality parameters. In terms of food groups, fish, shellfish and seafood, poultry, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and low-fat dairy products have been positively related to sperm quality. However, diets rich in processed meat, soy foods, potatoes, full-fat dairy products, coffee, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets have been inversely associated with the quality of semen in some studies. The few studies relating male nutrient or food intake and fecundability also suggest that diets rich in red meat, processed meat, tea and caffeine are associated with a lower rate of fecundability. This association is only controversial in the case of alcohol. The potential biological mechanisms linking diet with sperm function and fertility are largely unknown and require further study.[53]

[52]

Katana VentraIP

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Some strategies suggested or proposed for avoiding male infertility include the following:

Research[edit]

Researchers at Münster University developed in vitro culture conditions using a three-dimensional agar culture system which induces mouse testicular germ cells to reach the final stages of spermatogenesis, including spermatozoa generation.[71] If reproduced in humans, this could potentially enable infertile men to father children with their own sperm.[72][73]


Researchers from Montana State University developed precursors of sperm from skin cells of infertile men.[74][75][76]


Sharpe et al. comment on the success of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in women saying, "[t]hus, the woman carries the treatment burden for male infertility, a fairly unique scenario in medical practice. Ironically, ICSI's success has effectively diverted attention from identifying what causes male infertility and focused research onto the female, to optimize the provision of eggs and a receptive endometrium, on which ICSI's success depends."[77][78]

Prevalence[edit]

Currently, there are no solid numbers on how many couples worldwide experience infertility, but the World Health Organization estimates between 60 and 80 million couples are affected. The population in different regions have varying amounts of infertility.


Starting in the late 20th century, scientists have expressed concerns about the declining semen quality in men. A study was done in 1992 with men who had never experienced infertility showed that the amount of sperm in semen had declined by 1% per year since 1938.[79][80] Further research a few years later also confirmed the decline in sperm count and also seminal volume.[81] Various studies in Finland, Southern Tunisia, and Argentina also showed a decline in sperm count, motility, morphology, and seminal volume.


Males from India had a 30.3% decline in sperm count, 22.9% decline in sperm motility, and a 51% decrease in morphology over a span of a decade. Doctors in India disclosed that the sperm count of a fertile Indian male had decreased by a third over a span of three decades.[82] Some factors may include exposure to high temperatures at places such as factories. A 1 degree increase in temperature will reduce 14% of spermatogenesis.[83]


Researchers in Calcutta conducted a study between 1981 and 1985 that also showed a decrease in sperm motility and seminal volume, but no change in sperm concentration.[84]

Female infertility

Fertility preservation

Fertility testing

Infertility

(MAGI)

Male accessory gland infection

Meiosis

Oncofertility

Paternal age effect

Spermatogenesis

Sterility

Vasectomy

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