Mammy stereotype

A mammy is a U.S. historical stereotype depicting black women, usually enslaved, who did domestic work, including nursing children.^[2] The fictionalized mammy character is often visualized as a dark-skinned woman with a motherly personality. The origin of the mammy figure stereotype is rooted in the history of slavery in the United States, as slave women were often tasked with domestic and childcare work in American slave-holding households. The mammy caricature was used to create a narrative of black women being happy within slavery or within a role of servitude. The mammy stereotype associates black women with domestic roles and it has been argued that it, combined with segregation and discrimination, limited job opportunities for black women during the Jim Crow era, approximately 1877 to 1966.^[3]

For other uses, see Mammy.

Rachel, Bobby's Make-Believe, 1919, , 1921.^[24]

Gasoline Alley

Opal, Edgar Martin's

Boots and Her Buddies

Black matriarchy

Dinah

Madame Sul-Te-Wan

Magical Negro

Stereotypes of African Americans

Uncle Tom

(2014), "Jezebels, Mammies, and Matriarchs", Too Heavy a Yoke: Black Women and the Burden of Strength, Wipf and Stock, ISBN 978-1620320662

Walker-Barnes, Chanequa

Bernstein, Robin, (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 157, 174–176, 180–181.

Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights

Bogle, Donald, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (New York: Continuum, 1973/1994), 57.

Camacho, Roseanne V., "Race, Region, and Gender in a Reassessment of Lillian Smith." Southern Women: Histories and Identities. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992. p. 168.

Clinton, Catherine, The Plantation Mistress: Woman's World in the Old South (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982), 201–202.

Jewel, K. Sue, From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy, 1993.

Parkhurst, Jessie W., "The Role of the Black Mammy in the Plantation Household", The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1938

Smith, Lillian, Killers of the Dream. New York: W.W. Norton, 1949. p. 123-4.

Thurber, Cheryl, "The Development of the Mammy Image and Mythology." Southern Women: Histories and Identities, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992. p. 96.

Turner, Patricia A., Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture (New York: Anchor Books, 1994), 44.

Pilgrim, David. "". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State University, Michigan.

The Mammy Caricature

American Studies at the University of Virginia

Mammy Dearest: African-American House Servants in Birth of the Nation, Gone with the Wind, and Song of the South

Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (June 15, 2009). . Southern Spaces. 2009. doi:10.18737/M7PK6W.