Function[edit]

The Minor Planet Center is the official worldwide organization in charge of collecting observational data for minor planets (such as asteroids), calculating their orbits and publishing this information via the Minor Planet Circulars. Under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, which is part of the Center for Astrophysics along with the Harvard College Observatory.[1]


The MPC runs a number of free online services for observers to assist them in observing minor planets and comets. The complete catalogue of minor planet orbits (sometimes referred to as the "Minor Planet Catalogue") may also be freely downloaded. In addition to astrometric data, the MPC collects light curve photometry of minor planets. A key function of the MPC is helping observers coordinate follow up observations of possible near-Earth objects (NEOs) via its NEO web form and blog, the Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page.[2][3] The MPC is also responsible for identifying, and alerting to, new NEOs with a risk of impacting Earth in the few weeks following their discovery (see Potentially hazardous objects and § Videos).[1]

1947–1978:

Paul Herget

1978–2006:

Brian Marsden

2006–2015:

Timothy Spahr

2015–2021:

Matthew Holman

2021–present: Matthew Payne

Minor Planet Circulars (M.P.C. or MPCs), established 1947, is a that is generally published by the Minor Planet Center on the date of each full moon, when the number of reported observations are minimal due to the brighter night sky. The Circulars contain astrometric observations, orbits and ephemerides of minor planets, comets and certain natural satellites. The astrometric observations of comets are published in full, while the minor planet observations are summarised by observatory code (the full observations now being given in the Minor Planet Circulars Supplement). New numberings and namings of minor planets (also see Naming of Minor Planets), as well as numberings of periodic comets and natural satellites, are announced in the Circulars. New orbits for comets and natural satellites appear in the Circulars; new orbits for minor planets appear in the Minor Planets and Comets Orbit Supplement (see below).

scientific journal

The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs) are published by the Minor Planet Center. They generally contain and orbits of unusual minor planets and all comets. Monthly lists of observable unusual objects, observable distant objects, observable comets and the critical list of numbered minor planets also appear on these circulars. Daily Orbit Update MPECs, issued every day, contain new identifications and orbits of minor planets, obtained over the previous 24 hours.

positional observations

The Minor Planets and Comets Supplement (MPS) is published on behalf of 's Division F (Planetary Systems and Bioastronomy)[13] by the Minor Planet Center.

IAU

The Minor Planets and Comets Orbit Supplement (MPO) is published on behalf of IAU's Division F by the Minor Planet Center.

The MPC periodically releases astrometric observations of minor planets, as well as of comets and natural satellites. These publications are the Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs), the Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs), and the Minor Planet Supplements (MPSs and MPOs).[11] An extensive archive of publications in a PDF format is available at the Minor Planet Center's website. The archive's oldest publication dates back to 1 November 1977 (MPC 4937–5016).[12]

Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service[edit]

The Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service is an online service of the Minor Planet Center. The service provides "ephemerides, orbital elements and residual blocks for the outer irregular satellites of the giant planets".[1]

Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams

IAU Circular

List of astronomical societies

List of minor-planet groups

List of minor planets

List of minor planets § Main index

Meanings of minor-planet names

Official website

all published circulars since 1977 (downloadable as PDF)

MPC/MPO/MPS Archive

The MPC Orbit (MPCORB) Database

Matthew J. Holman, 8 November 2015

The Minor Planet Center Status Report

list of most-recently published Minor Planet Electronic Circulars

Recent MPECs