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Nacre

Nacre (/ˈnkər/ NAY-kər, also /ˈnækrə/ NAK-rə),[1] also known as mother of pearl, is an organic–inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent.

"Mother of pearl" redirects here. For other uses, see Mother of pearl (disambiguation).

Nacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. However, the inner layer in the great majority of mollusc shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure as is found in conch pearls.


The outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Other mollusc families that have a nacreous inner shell layer include marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae.

Altarpiece, c. 1520, with extensive use of carved nacre

Altarpiece, c. 1520, with extensive use of carved nacre

Nacre gunpowder flask, c. 1750, mostly made of Turbo marmoratus shell

Nacre gunpowder flask, c. 1750, mostly made of Turbo marmoratus shell

Engraved nacre pendant, Solomon Islands 1838

Engraved nacre pendant, Solomon Islands 1838

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Manufactured nacre[edit]

In 2012, researchers created calcium-based nacre in the laboratory by mimicking its natural growth process.[41]


In 2014, researchers used lasers to create an analogue of nacre by engraving networks of wavy 3D "micro-cracks" in glass. When the slides were subjected to an impact, the micro-cracks absorbed and dispersed the energy, keeping the glass from shattering. Altogether, treated glass was reportedly 200 times tougher than untreated glass.[42]

Ammolite

Pearling in Western Australia

Raden

Abid, N.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F. (2018). "Discrete-element modeling of nacre-like materials: Effects of random microstructures on strain localization and mechanical performance". Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 112: 385–402. :2018JMPSo.112..385A. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.003.

Bibcode

Bruet, B.; Qi, H.J.; Boyce, M.C.; Panas, R.; Tai, K.; Frick, L.; Ortiz, C. (2005). (PDF). J. Mater. Res. 20 (9): 2400. Bibcode:2005JMatR..20.2400B. doi:10.1557/JMR.2005.0273. S2CID 564507.

"Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc Trochus niloticus"

Checa, Antonio G.; , Marc-Georg Willinger and Steven M. Stanley (Jan. 6, 2009), "The Key Role of the Surface Membrane in Why Gastropod Nacre Grows in Towers"; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 106, No. 1. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808796106.

Julyan H. E. Cartwright

Frýda, J.; Bandel, K.; Frýdová, B. (2009). . Bulletin of Geosciences. 84 (4): 745–754. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1169.

"Crystallographic texture of Late Triassic gastropod nacre: evidence of long-term stability of the mechanism controlling its formation"

Lin, A.; Meyers, M.A. (2005-01-15). "Growth and structure in abalone shell". Materials Science and Engineering A. 390 (1–2): 27–41. :10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072.

doi

Mayer, G. (2005). "Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites". Science. 310 (5751): 1144–1147. :2005Sci...310.1144M. doi:10.1126/science.1116994. PMID 16293751. S2CID 19079526.

Bibcode

Objects with mother-of-pearl in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database