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National Endowment for the Arts

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[2] It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the U.S. Congress, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.S.C. 951).[3] It is a sub-agency of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, along with the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

Agency overview

1965

$162,250,000 USD (2020)

  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[1]

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016.[4] In 1985, the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.[5] In 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.[6]

Grants[edit]

Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure from conservative groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million.[8] For FY 2010, the budget reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million[9] but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.[9]

Governance[edit]

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[10] The NEA's advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity.[11]

Lifetime honors[edit]

The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United States.

Controversy[edit]

1981 attempts to abolish[edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan's first director of the Office of Management and Budget, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went too far, and they would be easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. However, these plans were abandoned when the President's special task force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," concluding that continued federal support was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.[13][14][15]

1989 objections[edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine.[16] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support.


On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the center of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret. Our course in the future will be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]


Democratic representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with Republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner city areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest.[18] After fierce debate, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[19]


Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[20]

1965–1969 , appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson

Roger L. Stevens

1969–1977 , appointed by Richard M. Nixon

Nancy Hanks

1977–1981 , appointed by Jimmy Carter

Livingston L. Biddle, Jr.

1981–1989 , appointed by Ronald Reagan

Frank Hodsoll

1989–1992 , appointed by George H. W. Bush

John Frohnmayer

1993–1997 , appointed by Bill Clinton

Jane Alexander

1998–2001 , appointed by Bill Clinton

Bill Ivey

2002 , appointed by George W. Bush

Michael P. Hammond

2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by

George W. Bush

2003–2009 , appointed by George W. Bush

Dana Gioia

2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by [26][27]

Barack Obama

2009–2012 , appointed by Barack Obama[28][29][30]

Rocco Landesman

2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman

[31]

2014–2018 R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[33][34]

[32]

2019–2021 Mary Anne Carter, appointed by Donald Trump[36]

[35]

2021– Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden.[38]

[37]

National Endowment for the Humanities

National Heritage Fellowship

National Medal of Arts winners

NEA Jazz Masters

New York City Department of Cultural Affairs

Arian, Edward (1993). The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America.

Benedict, Stephen, ed. (1991). Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts.

Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2009). "Directions in arts policy history". Journal of Policy History. 21 (4): 424–430. :10.1017/S0898030609990157. S2CID 145674813.

doi

Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2004). Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980. University of North Carolina Press.  0-8078-2878-5.

ISBN

Cowen, Tyler (2009). Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding. Princeton University Press.

Heath, Karen Patricia (2017). . European Journal of American Culture. 36 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1386/ejac.36.1.5_1. S2CID 164923622.

"Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism"

Jensen, Richard (1995). "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map". Journal of Social History. 29: 17–37. :10.1353/jsh/29.Supplement.17. JSTOR 3789064.

doi

Kammen, Michael (1996). "Culture and the State in America". Journal of American History. 83 (3): 791–814. :10.2307/2945640. JSTOR 2945640.

doi

(1986). Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force (Ph.D. dissertation). Northwestern University.

King, Elaine A.

Levy, Alan Howard (1997). Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms. University Press of America.

Love, Jeffrey (1991). "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts". Journal of Arts Management and Law. 21 (3): 215–226. :10.1080/07335113.1991.9943137.

doi

Lowell, Julia F. (2004). (PDF). Rand Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3562-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-04.

State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?

Marquis, Alice Goldfarb (1995). Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding.

National Endowment for the Arts (1986). .

National Endowment for the Arts: a brief history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era

Ottley, Gary; Hanna, Richard (2018). "Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art? A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA". Journal of Public Affairs. 18 (2). :10.1002/pa.1654.

doi

Schuster, J. Mark (2002). "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United States". International Journal of Cultural Policy. 8 (2): 181–196. :10.1080/1028663022000009623. S2CID 143744753.

doi

Uy, Michael Sy (2020). Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music. Oxford University Press.  9780197510445.

ISBN

Official website

in the Federal Register

National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities

publications by and about NEA online free

From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

NEA Small Press Collection