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Omission (law)

In law, an omission is a failure to act, which generally attracts different legal consequences from positive conduct. In the criminal law, an omission will constitute an actus reus and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty. In tort law, similarly, liability will be imposed for an omission only exceptionally, when it can be established that the defendant was under a duty to act or duty of care.

R v Instan (1893) 1 QB 450, Instan lived with her aunt, who was suddenly taken ill and could no longer feed herself or call for help. She was convicted of manslaughter because she neither fed her aunt, nor called for medical help, even though she continued to stay in the house and ate her aunt's food.

R v Stone & Dobinson (1977) QB 354. Stone and his mistress agreed to care for his sister. As her condition deteriorated, she became bed-ridden but no help was summoned and she died. They were convicted of her manslaughter because they had accepted her into their home and so assumed a duty of care for her.

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R v Gibbins & Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App Rep 134. A father and his lover neglected his child by failing to feed her. The lover had taken on a duty to care for the child when moving into the house and was under an obligation to care for her.

Tort law[edit]

In the law of negligence, if the defendant's conduct took the form of an omission, rather than a positive act, then it will be more difficult to establish that she owed a duty of care to the plaintiff. The rationale is that a positive duty is more onerous to fulfill than a negative duty, and therefore limits more severely the liberty of the duty-bearer.[9][10]

Duty of care

Duty to rescue

Omission bias

Sin of omission

Allen, Michael. Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (2005)  0-19-927918-7.

ISBN

Ashworth, A. "The scope of criminal liability for omissions" (1989) 105 LQR 404

Beynon, Causation, Omissions and Complicity, (1987) CLR 539.

Finnis, Bland: Crossing the Rubicon, (1993) 109 LQR 329.

Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, LexisNexis, London. (2005)  0-406-97730-5

ISBN

Murphy, Beneficence, Law, and Liberty: The Case of Required Rescue, (2001) Col. 89 Georgetown Law Journal, 605.

Smith, Legal Liability and Criminal Omission, (2001) Vol 5 Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 69.