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Ottoman entry into World War I

The Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I began when two recently purchased ships of its navy, which were still crewed by German sailors and commanded by their German admiral, carried out the Black Sea Raid, a surprise attack against Russian ports, on 29 October 1914. Russia replied by declaring war on 1 November 1914. Russia's allies, Britain and France, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914. The reasons for the Ottoman action were not immediately clear.[1] The Ottoman government had declared neutrality in the recently started war, and negotiations with both sides were underway.

The decision would ultimately lead to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Ottoman citizens, the Armenian genocide, the dissolution of the empire, and the abolition of the Islamic Caliphate.[2][3][4]

Causes of World War I

Historiography of the causes of World War I

Diplomatic history of World War I

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

Central Powers

covering all major countries

Home front during World War I

Akın, Yiğit (2018). When the War Came Home: The Ottomans' Great War and the Devastation of an Empire. Stanford University Press.

Aksakal, Mustafa (2010). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-17525-8.

The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War

Aksakal, Mustafa. "‘Holy War Made in Germany’? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad." War in History 18.2 (2011): 184-199.

Balki, Ali et al. "War Decision and Neoclassical Realism: The Entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War" War in History (2018) pp 1-28 online

https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344518789707

Beckett, F.W. "Turkey's Momentous Moment" History Today (June 2013) 63#6 pp 47-53

Beşikçi, Mehmet (2012). . Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-22520-6.

The Ottoman Mobilization of Manpower in the First World War

Bozarslan, Hamit. "The Ottoman Empire." in John Horne. ed. A Companion to World War I (2010): 494-507.

Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. Writing the Great War - The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present (2020) ; full coverage for major countries.

free download

Erickson, Edward J. (2001). . Westport, CT: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9.

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

Erickson, Edward J. (2013). Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency. Palgrave Macmillan.  978-1137362209.

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Fewster, Kevin; Basarin, Vecihi; Basarin, Hatice Hurmuz (2003) [1985]. Gallipoli: The Turkish Story. Crow's Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.  978-1-74114-045-3.

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Finkel, Caroline (2007). . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00850-6.

Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire

Gingeras, Ryan. Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1922 (Oxford UP, 2016).

Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (2005). Decisions for War, 1914–1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  978-0-51119-678-2.

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(2004) [1991]. Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey. Campaign Series. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-0-275-98288-1.

Haythornthwaite, Philip

Howard, Michael (2002). The First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  978-0-19-285362-2.

ISBN

Karpat, Kemal H. "The entry of the ottoman empire into world war I." Belleten 68.253 (2004): 1-40.

online

Kayalı, Hasan. "The Ottoman Experience of World War I: Historiographical Problems and Trends," Journal of Modern History (2017) 89#4: 875-907. .

https://doi.org/10.1086/694391

Kent, Marian (1996). The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge.  0714641545.

ISBN

Macfie, A. L. The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (1998).

(2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War. Random House. ISBN 0-224-04092-8.

Massie, Robert

Öncü, Edip. "The beginnings of Ottoman-German partnership: diplomatic and military relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire before the First World War" (MA thesis Bilkent University, 2003); , reviews the Turkish language scholarship.

online

Penix, Matthew David. "The Ottoman Empire in the first world war: A rational disaster" ( MA thesis Eastern Michigan U. 2013)). , bibliography pp 58–66

online

Reynolds, Michael A. (2011). Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918. Cambridge University Press. p. 324.  978-0521149167.

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Smith, C. Jay. "Great Britain and the 1914-1915 Straits Agreement with Russia: The British Promise of November 1914." American Historical Review 70.4 (1965): 1015-1034.

online

Strachan, Hew (2001). The First World War, Volume 1: To Arms. New York: Oxford University Press.  0-19-926191-1.

ISBN

Trumpener, Ulrich. (2003). "The Ottoman Empire" in Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herweg, eds. The Origins of World War I pp 337-55

Trumpener, Ulrich (1962). "Turkey's Entry into World War I: An Assessment of Responsibilities". Journal of Modern History. 34 (4): 369–80. :10.1086/239180. S2CID 153500703.

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Trumpener, Ulrich. "Liman von Sanders and the German-Ottoman alliance." Journal of Contemporary History 1.4 (1966): 179-192 .

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Trumpener, Ulrich. Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 (1968)

Weber, Frank G. Eagles on the crescent: Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish alliance, 1914-1918 (Cornell UP, 1970).

Yanıkdağ, Yücel: , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

Ottoman Empire/Middle East

Yasamee, Feroze: , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Ottoman Empire)

Moreau, Odile: , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

Pre-war Military Planning (Ottoman Empire)

The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors