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Patriotism

Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.[1][2]

For other uses, see Patriotism (disambiguation).

Terminology and usage[edit]

An excess of patriotism is called chauvinism; another related term is jingoism.


The English word "patriot" derived from "compatriot", in the 1590s, from Middle French patriote in the 15th century. The French word's compatriote and patriote originated directly from Late Latin patriota "fellow-countryman" in the 6th century. From Greek patriotes "fellow countryman", from patrios "of one's fathers", patris "fatherland". The term patriot was "applied to barbarians who were perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive and who had only a common Patris or fatherland." The original European meaning of patriots applied to anyone who was a fellow countryman regardless of the socio-economic status.[3]

Surveys[edit]

Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism, such as the Correlates of War project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time-dependent. For example, according to the project, patriotism in Germany before World War I ranked at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of patriotism surveys.[21] However, there are also other surveys according to which modern Germany is indeed very patriotic.[22]


Since 1981, the World Values Survey polls for national values and beliefs. The survey includes the question "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?"; the answers to which range from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud). They then use the average answer given to create comparisons between not only nations but also high and low income citizens.[23]


In 2022, U.S. adults who said they were "extremely proud" to be an American hit an all-time low, according to a Gallup poll.[24]

 – Psychological tendency to exaggerate the positive image of one's social group

Collective narcissism

 – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group

Cultural identity

 – American conservative political movement

Patriot movement

Bar-Tal, Daniel; Staub, Ervin (1999). Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations. Wadsworth Publishing Company.  0-8304-1410-X.

ISBN

Blatberg, Charles (2000). From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First. Oxford University Press.  0-19-829688-6.

ISBN

Calhoun, Craig (2004). "Is it Time to Be Postnational?". In May, Stephen; Modood, Tariq; Squires, Judith (eds.). Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–56.  9780511489235.

ISBN

Cohen, Joshua; (1996). For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4313-3.

Nussbaum, Martha C.

Gomberg, Paul (2002). "Patriotism is Like Racism". In (ed.). Patriotism. Humanity Books. pp. 105–12. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.

Primorac, Igor

(1996). "Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity". Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Translated by Rehg, William. MIT Press.

Habermas, Jürgen

Huizinga, Johan (1959). "Patriotism and Nationalism in European History". Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Translated by Holmes, James S.; van Marle, Hans. New York: Meridian Books.

(1995). "Is Patriotism a Virtue?". In Beiner, R. (ed.). Theorizing Citizenship. State University of New York Press. pp. 209–28.

MacIntyre, Alasdair

(1953). "Notes on Nationalism". England Your England and Other Essays. Secker and Warburg.

Orwell, George

Primoratz, Igor, ed. (2002). Patriotism. Humanities Press International.  1-57392-955-7.

ISBN

Viroli, Maurizio (1997). For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism. Oxford University Press on Demand.  0-19-829358-5.

ISBN

(May 17, 1776). "The Dominion of Providence Over The Passions of Man". Princeton.

Witherspoon, John

Kornelia Kończal and A. Dirk Moses (ed.), "Patriotic History" and the (Re)Nationalization of Memory, in: Journal of Genocide Research, 24 (2), 2022.