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Patronage in ancient Rome

Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus ("patron") and their cliens ("client"). The relationship was hierarchical, but obligations were mutual. The patron was the protector, sponsor, and benefactor of the client; the technical term for this protection was patrocinium.[1] Although typically the client was of inferior social class,[2] a patron and client might even hold the same social rank, but the former would possess greater wealth, power, or prestige that enabled him to help or do favors for the client. From the emperor at the top to the commoner at the bottom, the bonds between these groups found formal expression in legal definition of patrons' responsibilities to clients.[3] Patronage relationships were not exclusively between two people and also existed between a general and his soldiers, a founder and colonists, and a conqueror and a dependent foreign community.[4]

"Patron-client relationship" redirects here. For a political practice, see Clientelism.

Patronus and libertus[edit]

When a slave was manumitted, the former owner became their patron. The freedman (libertus) had social obligations to their patron, which might involve campaigning on their behalf if the patron ran for election, doing requested jobs or errands, or continuing a sexual relationship that began in servitude. In return, the patron was expected to ensure a certain degree of material security for their client. Allowing one's clients to become destitute or entangled in unjust legal proceedings would reflect poorly on the patron and diminish their prestige.

Euergetism

Pietas (Duty)

Jus patronatus

Badian, Ernst. 1958. Foreign Clientelae (264–70 B.C.). Oxford: Clarendon.

Bowditch, Phebe Lowell. 2001. Horace and the Gift Economy of Patronage. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of Carolina Press.

Busch, Anja, John Nicols, and Franceso Zanella. 2015. "Patronage." Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum 26:1109–1138.

Damon, Cynthia. 1997. The Mask of the Parasite: A Pathology of Roman Patronage. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.

de Blois, Lucas. 2011. "Army and General in the Late Roman Republic." In A Companion to the Roman Army. Edited by Paul Erdkamp, 164–179. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Eilers, Claude. 2002. Roman Patrons of Greek Cities. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Gold, Barbara K. 1987. Literary Patronage in Greece and Rome. Chapel Hill and London: Univ. of North Carolina Press.

Konstan, David. 2005. "Friendship and Patronage." In A Companion to Latin Literature. Edited by Stephen Harrison, 345–359. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lomas, Kathryn, and Tim Cornell, eds. 2003. “Bread and Circuses:" Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy. London: Routledge.

Nauta, Ruurd R. 2002. Poetry for Patrons: Literary Communication in the Age of Domitian. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill

Nicols, John. 2014. Civic Patronage in the Roman Empire. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill

Saller, Richard P. 1982. Personal Patronage Under the Early Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Verboven, Koenraad. 2002. The Economy of Friends: Economic Aspects of Amicitia and Patronage in the late Roman Republic. Brussels: Latomus

Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew, ed. 1989. Patronage in Ancient Society. London: Routledge.

The Roman Client (Smith's Dictionary, 1875) at

LacusCurtius

. The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

"Patron"