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Pattern

A pattern is a regularity in the world, in human-made design,[1] or in abstract ideas. As such, the elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner. A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes and typically repeated like a wallpaper design.

For other uses, see Pattern (disambiguation).

Any of the senses may directly observe patterns. Conversely, abstract patterns in science, mathematics, or language may be observable only by analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual patterns, which are widespread in nature and in art. Visual patterns in nature are often chaotic, rarely exactly repeating, and often involve fractals. Natural patterns include spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tilings, cracks, and those created by symmetries of rotation and reflection. Patterns have an underlying mathematical structure;[2]: 6  indeed, mathematics can be seen as the search for regularities, and the output of any function is a mathematical pattern. Similarly in the sciences, theories explain and predict regularities in the world.


In many areas of the decorative arts, from ceramics and textiles to wallpaper, "pattern" is used for an ornamental design that is manufactured, perhaps for many different shapes of object. In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs may be combined and repeated to form patterns designed to have a chosen effect on the viewer.

Adam, John A. Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World. Princeton, 2006.

The Self-made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Oxford, 2001.

Ball, Philip

Patterns of the Earth. Phaidon Press, 2007.

Edmaier, Bernhard

Art Forms of Nature. Dover, 1974.

Haeckel, Ernst

Stevens, Peter S. Patterns in Nature. Penguin, 1974.

. What Shape is a Snowflake? Magical Numbers in Nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001.

Stewart, Ian

On Growth and Form. 1942 2nd ed. (1st ed., 1917). ISBN 0-486-67135-6

Thompson, D'Arcy W.