Pharyngealization

pharyngealized (in Chechen, Berber, Arabic, Kurmanji, Mizrahi and Classical Hebrew)

voiceless alveolar stop

pharyngealized (in Chechen, Tamazight and Arabic)

voiced alveolar stop

pharyngealized [pˤ] (in Kurmanji, Chechen and Ubykh)

voiceless bilabial stop

pharyngealized [bˤ] (in Chechen, Ubykh, Siwa, Shihhi Arabic and Iraqi Arabic, allophonic in Adyghe and Kabardian)

voiced bilabial stop

pharyngealized [qˤ] (in Ubykh, Tsakhur, and Archi)

voiceless uvular stop

pharyngealized [ɢˤ] (in Tsakhur)

voiced uvular stop

pharyngealized [ʔˤ] (in Shihhi Arabic; allophonic in Chechen)

glottal stop

pharyngealized [kˤ] (in Kurmanji)

voiceless velar plosive

pharyngealized [ɡˤ] (in Sorani^[4])

voiced velar plosive

Velarization

(laryngealization)

Creaky voice

Pharyngeal consonant

Epiglottal consonant

Pharynx

(2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.

Ladefoged, Peter

Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005). "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (1): 1–25. :10.1017/S0025100305001878. S2CID 14140079.

doi

, ed. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press.

International Phonetic Association

Typology and occurrence of pharyngeals and pharyngealization around the world.

Ian Maddieson