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Photograph

A photograph (also known as a photo, image, or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now created using a smartphone or camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. The process and practice of creating such images is called photography.

"Photos" redirects here. For the Apple application, see Photos (Apple). For the Microsoft application, see Microsoft Photos. For other uses, see Photograph (disambiguation).

Etymology[edit]

The word photograph was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς (phos), meaning "light," and γραφή (graphê), meaning "drawing, writing," together meaning "drawing with light."[1]

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Preservation[edit]

Paper folders[edit]

Ideal photograph storage involves placing each photo in an individual folder constructed from buffered, or acid-free paper.[5] Buffered paper folders are especially recommended in cases when a photograph was previously mounted onto poor quality material or using an adhesive that will lead to even more acid creation.[6] Store photographs measuring 8x10 inches or smaller vertically along the longer edge of the photo in the buffered paper folder, within a larger archival box, and label each folder with relevant information to identify it. The rigid nature of the folder protects the photo from slumping or creasing, as long as the box is not packed too tightly or under filled. Folder larger photos or brittle photos stacked flat within archival boxes with other materials of comparable size.[7]

Polyester enclosures[edit]

The most stable of plastics used in photo preservation, polyester, does not generate any harmful chemical elements, nor does it have any capability to absorb acids generated by the photograph itself. Polyester sleeves and encapsulation have been praised for their ability to protect the photograph from humidity and environmental pollution, slowing the reaction between the item and the atmosphere. This is true, however the polyester just as frequently traps these elements next to the material it is intended to protect. This is especially risky in a storage environment that experiences drastic fluctuations in humidity or temperature, leading to ferrotyping, or sticking of the photograph to the plastic.[5] Photographs sleeved or encapsulated in polyester cannot be stored vertically in boxes because they will slide down next to each other within the box, bending and folding, nor can the archivist write directly onto the polyester to identify the photograph. Therefore, it is necessary to either stack polyester protected photographs horizontally within a box, or bind them in a three ring binder. Stacking the photos horizontally within a flat box will greatly reduce ease of access, and binders leave three sides of the photo exposed to the effects of light[8] and do not support the photograph evenly on both sides, leading to slumping and bending within the binder. The plastic used for enclosures has been manufactured to be as frictionless as possible to prevent scratching photos during insertion to the sleeves. Unfortunately, the slippery nature of the enclosure generates a build-up of static electricity, which attracts dust and lint particles. The static can attract the dust to the inside of the sleeve, as well, where it can scratch the photograph.[5] Likewise, these components that aid in insertion of the photo, referred to as slip agents, can break down and transfer from the plastic to the photograph, where they deposit as an oily film, attracting further lint and dust. At this time, there is no test to evaluate the long-term effects of these components on photographs. In addition, the plastic sleeves can develop kinks or creases in the surface, which will scratch away at the emulsion during handling.[8]

Handling and care[edit]

It is best to leave photographs lying flat on the table when viewing them. Do not pick it up from a corner, or even from two sides and hold it at eye level. Every time the photograph bends, even a little, this can break down the emulsion.[9] The very nature of enclosing a photograph in plastic encourages users to pick it up; users tend to handle plastic enclosed photographs less gently than non-enclosed photographs, simply because they feel the plastic enclosure makes the photo impervious to all mishandling. As long as a photo is in its folder, there is no need to touch it; simply remove the folder from the box, lay it flat on the table, and open the folder. If for some reason the researchers or archivists do need to handle the actual photo, perhaps to examine the verso for writing, they can use gloves if there appears to be a risk from oils or dirt on the hands.

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Photo editing[edit]

Unfortunately, one downfall of recent technological advancements is that it is easier for others to steal photographers' hard work and make a profit off of it. The use of applications such as Photoshop and Lightroom allows users the tools to change anything about a photo they want just by a simple click of a button. This is very helpful for photographer but also very helpful for thieves who just want to profit off of other people's hard work. Also, AI, otherwise known as artificial intelligence, has become popular in the last year.


Though many still believe robots will take over the world, many content creators and artists use AI to do many things such as; remove photos, create a photo by typing a few simple words, or even completely change a photo or video to fit whatever the artists’ desire is. Since AI is such a new technology, there are still many kinks still needed for viewers to actually believe the image is real but it is improving every single day. AI allows users to create videos with anyone's voice almost as if the actual person was recorded for said video. One thing AI does not generate properly is hands. Most pictures generated by AI will show people with really weird hands, weird placements and up to twice the normal amount of fingers.[34]


AI and photo editing applications give people easy access to steal other’s work, slightly edit it, and pass it off as their own. Several government officials and leaders want to make sure that nobody profits from photographers' hard work by making it illegal in some places to steal and profit from photos. Nobody should be allowed to steal another person's work and call it their own. That is why there are copyright laws. Photographers use watermarks, usually their names or initials in photos so if anyone tries to take the photo and pass it off as their own, they can not because it clearly shows that the photo is not owned by them. Copyright laws are very strict in most countries. Stealing somebody's photo could lead to pricey fines or even prosecution which might seem extreme but if someone worked for years to obtain a practically perfect photo, a person with access to editing software should not be able to use said software and sell the photo without the original owners consent. In the past, owning a camera was only for very few people since not many cameras had been made and practically no one could afford them. Thankfully the invention of camera production factories and smartphones has changed that. According to Consumer Affairs, eighty-three percent of smartphone usage is for photography. Throughout the past decade owning a cell phone has become a staple in almost everyone’s life. It is simply something that is owned by anyone who can afford it. 97% of Americans or roughly 330 million American people own some sort of cell phone.[35] Every single person who owns a cell phone has access to a digital camera and can take any photo they want. Our ancestors could only dream of having that technology and we could only dream of the technology our future relatives will have.

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Aerial photography

Archival science

Cinematographer

Conservation and restoration of photographs

Hand-colouring of photographs

List of largest photographs

List of most expensive photographs

List of photographs considered the most important

Photogram

Pseudo-photograph

Slide show

Media related to Photographs at Wikimedia Commons

The dictionary definition of photograph at Wiktionary

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