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Popular front

A popular front is "any coalition of working-class and middle-class parties", including liberal and social democratic ones, "united for the defense of democratic forms" against "a presumed Fascist assault".[1][2] More generally, it is "a coalition especially of leftist political parties against a common opponent".[3][4]

For other uses, see Popular Front (disambiguation).

The term was first used in the mid-1930s in Europe by communists concerned over the ascent of fascism in Italy and Germany, which they sought to combat by coalescing with non-communist political groupings they had previously attacked as enemies. Temporarily successful popular front governments were formed in France, Spain, and Chile in 1936.[2]


Not all political organizations who use the term "popular front" are leftist or coalitions formed to defend democratic norms (for example Popular Front of India), and not all leftist or anti-fascist coalitions use the term "popular front" in their name.

List of popular fronts[edit]

Popular fronts in non-communist countries[edit]

The French Front populaire and the Spanish Frente Popular popular fronts of the 1930s are the most notable ones.

the United Front led by the Chinese Communist Party

People's Republic of China

the Vietnamese Fatherland Front led by the Communist Party of Vietnam (succeeded the North Vietnamese Fatherland Front of 1955 to 1977)

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

the Lao Front for National Construction, led by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Third Period

United front

Graham, Helen, and Paul Preston, eds. The Popular Front in Europe (1989).

Haslam, Jonathan. "The Comintern and the Origins of the Popular Front 1934–1935." Historical Journal 22#3 (1979): 673–691.

Horn, Gerd-Rainer. European Socialists Respond to Fascism: Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s. (Oxford University Press, 1997).

Mates, Lewis. PhD dissertation, 2002.

"The United Front and the Popular Front in the North-east of England, 1936-1939."

Priestland, David. The Red Flag: A History of Communism (2010) pp 182–233.

Vials, Christopher. Haunted by Hitler: Liberals, the Left, and the Fight against Fascism in the United States. (U of Massachusetts Press, 2014).